Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteriaExclusion criteria
Prospective observational studiesRandomised control trials, cross-sectional studies and other
Athletic populationPain at baseline
Pain-free participants at baselineNon-musculoskeletal aetiology
Valid baseline assessment of dyskinesis*Non-shoulder-related musculoskeletal pathologies
Assessment of self-reported shoulder pain at follow-up†Inability to obtain dichotomised data on the presence of dyskinesis or development of shoulder pain
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  • *An acceptable assessment is any assessment that can be dichotomised as ‘scapular dyskinesis’ or ‘no scapular dyskinesis’.

  • †An acceptable assessment is any assessment that can be dichotomised as ‘shoulder pain’ or ‘no shoulder pain’.