Echocardiographic patterns of paediatric athletes: impact of age
| Parameter | ≥14 years | <14 years | % Difference |
| LVIDd (mm) | 51.2 (50.6–51.9)* (14; 2856) (93%) | 44.3 (43.3–45.3) (14; 872) (94%) | 13.5 |
| LVIDs (mm) | 32.8 (30.8–34.7)* (5; 288) (97%) | 27.6 (25.9–29.2) (8; 363) (98%) | 15.9 |
| IVSd (mm) | 9.2 (8.8–9.6)* (12; 1366) (97%) | 7.8 (7.5–8.0) (13; 787) (96%) | 15.2 |
| PWTd (mm) | 8.9 (8.5–9.3)* (12; 1378) (98%) | 7 (6.6–7.3) (14; 872) (0%) | 21.3 |
| RWT | 0.36 (0.33–0.39) (12; 2857) (99%) | 0.35 (0.33–0.36) (13; 787) (96%) | 2.8 |
| LVM (g) | 167 (153.5–180.4)* (12; 1378) (96%) | 102.3 (91.8–112.8) (14; 872) (87%) | 38.7 |
| Ao (mm) | 28.9 (27.3–30.4)* (5; 2396) (98%) | 24.8 (23.7–25.8) (6; 2420) (97%) | 14.2 |
| LAD (mm) | 33.3 (32.0–34.5)* (6; 2462) (95%) | 28.1 (27.0–29.2) (8; 601) (93%) | 15.6 |
| EF (%) | 63.7 (59.1–68.2) (4; 285) (99%) | 67.5 (55.2–79.8) (4; 217) (99%) | −6.0 |
| FS (%) | 35.8 (33.0–38.7) (3; 1052) (98%) | 38.1 (37.0–39.2) (6; 226) (56%) | −6.4 |
| E Wave (m/s) | 0.86 (0.83–0.90) (10; 1915) (92%) | 0.72 (0.56–0.88) (4; 480) (99%) | 16.3 |
| A Wave (m/s) | 0.43 (0.39–0.46) (10; 1915) (95.3%) | ||
| E/A ratio | 2.2 (2.1–2.3)† (9; 2710) (92%) | 1.9 (1.9–2.0) (5; 530) (77%) | 13.6 |
Data are mean (95% CI) (number of studies; number of participants) (heterogeneity).
*p≤0.001, significantly greater in athletes≥14 years than in athletes <14 years.
†p≤0.05, significantly greater in athletes≥14 years than in athletes <14 years.
Ao, aortic root diameter; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; IVSd, interventricular septum thickness in end diastole; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVIDd, left ventricular cavity diameter in end diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular cavity diameter in end systole; LVM, left ventricular mass; PWTd, posterior wall thickness in end diastole; RWT, relative wall thickness.