Selected summary baseline characteristics of participants (n=1030)
| Factor | Category | Mean (SD) | Number (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics, including self-rated pain and disability | |||
| Age (years) | 57 (15) | ||
| Sex (male) | 455 (44) | ||
| Index of multiple deprivation | 15 (10) | ||
| Baseline SPADI | 48 (22) | ||
| Baseline QuickDASH | 38 (18) | ||
| Participants' pain beliefs, experience and expectations | |||
| Pain self-efficacy questionnaire18 0–60, 60=greater efficacy | 44 (13) | ||
| General health | |||
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 27 (5) | ||
| Anxiety and depression in the previous 7 days | No | 657 (64) | |
| Moderately | 347 (34) | ||
| Extremely | 26 (<3) | ||
| Musculoskeletal pain outside the affected upper quadrant: (see online supplementary file S1 for further detail) | None | 787 (76) | |
| One additional site | 185 (18) | ||
| ≥2 additional sites | 58 (6) | ||
| Additional health problems (see online supplementary file S1 for further detail) | None | 551 (53) | |
| One additional | 298 (29) | ||
| ≥2 additional | 181 (18) | ||
| Lifestyle | |||
| Smoker (cigarettes, cigars or pipe) | Yes | 129 (13) | |
| Stopped for the last 10 years | 117 (11) | ||
| Stopped >10 years | 261 (25) | ||
| No, never | 523 (51) | ||
| Highest level of leisure time exercise intensity in a typical week* Godin leisure time exercise questionnaire44 | Strenuous | 222 (22) | |
| Moderate | 333 (32) | ||
| Mild | 348 (34) | ||
| None | 124 (12) | ||
| Current frequency of pain medication | None | 258 (25) | |
| Very occasional | 360 (35) | ||
| Most days and/or nights | 217 (21) | ||
| Every day and/or night | 195 (19) | ||
| Work | |||
| Currently off work due to shoulder pain | Yes | 18 (<2) | |
| Time off work due to shoulder pain in last year | Yes | 127 (12) | |
| Nature of employment | Employed/education | 599 (58) | |
| Retired | 364 (36) | ||
| Currently not working | 62 (6) | ||
| Shoulder symptoms | |||
| Severity of shoulder pain at rest (0–10 numerical rating scale) | 3 (3) | ||
| Duration of shoulder pain (months) | 14 (28) | ||
(see online supplementary files S1–3 for the full list and further details of putative prognostic factors investigated).
*Unit of measurement used for data analysis modified after data collection.
SPADI, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; QuickDASH, Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire.