Echocardiographic patterns of paediatric athletes and paediatric non-athletes
| Parameter | Athletes | Non-athletes | % Difference |
| LVIDd (mm) | 47.3 (46.2–48.3)* (33; 6681) (99%) | 43.4 (41.7–45.1) (18; 1042) (98%) | 8.2 |
| LVIDs (mm) | 29.6 (28.4–30.8)* (19; 3354) (98%) | 25.4 (24.8–26.0) (7; 177) (64%) | 14.2 |
| IVSd (mm) | 8.5 (8.2–8.8)* (28; 5083) (99%) | 7.4 (7.1–7.8) (16; 804) (98%) | 12.9 |
| PWTd (mm) | 8.2 (7.8–8.6)† (29; 5168) (99%) | 7.2 (6.6–7.8) (17; 908) (92%) | 12.2 |
| RWT | 0.36 (0.34–0.37)* (29; 6315) (99%) | 0.34 (0.33–0.35) (16; 804) (99%) | 5.6 |
| LVM (g) | 135.7 (122.2–149.1)* (29; 5086) (99%) | 98.2 (84.6–111.8) (17; 908) (99%) | 27.6 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 106.8 (91.8–121.8) (6; 494) (98.3%) | ||
| LVESV (mL) | 38.3 (35.1–41.6) (5; 457) (86%) | ||
| Aortic root (mm) | 26.3 (24.9–27.8)‡ (10; 3055) (99%) | 23.5 (20.9–26.0) (6; 563])(99%) | 10.6 |
| LAD (mm) | 30.2 (28.7–31.7)‡ (13; 5324) (99%) | 26.5 (24.5–28.6) (8; 587) (97%) | 12.3 |
| EF (%) | 65.6 (61.1–70.1) (11; 3150) (99%) | 70.9 (63.8–77.9) (4; 130) (99%) | −8.1 |
| FS (%) | 37.2 (35.5–38.9) (14; 1829) (98%) | 36.9 (34.7–39.1) (11; 666) (96%) | 0.8 |
| E Wave (m/s) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) (10; 1915) (0%) | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) (4; 480) (93%) | −3.4 |
| A Wave (m/s) | 0.46 (0.43–0.49) (10; 1915) (98%) | 0.49 (0.46–0.52) [4; 480] (84%) | −6.5 |
| E/A ratio | 2.1 (2.0–2.2) (14; 3634) (96%) | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) (8; 672) (93%) | 9.5 |
| DT (ms) | 133 (108–157) (4; 201) (97%) | ||
| IVRT (ms) | 60 (39–82) (3; 168) (99%) |
Data are mean (95% CI) (number of studies; number of participants) (heterogeneity).
*p≤0.001, significantly greater in athletes than non-athletes.
†p≤0.01, significantly greater in athletes than non-athletes.
‡p≤0.05, significantly greater in athletes than non-athletes.
Ao, aortic root diameter; DT, deceleration time; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; IVRT, interventricular septum relaxation time; IVSd, interventricular septum thickness in end diastole; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVIDd, left ventricular cavity diameter in end diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular cavity diameter in end systole; LVM, left ventricular mass; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; PWTd, posterior wall thickness in end diastole; RWT, relative wall thickness.