Included studies involving asymptomatic participants only
| Author | Study design | Study population | Participants (hips, n) | Demographics | Imaging modality | Findings (intra-articular pathology) |
| Ayeni et al 40 | Cross-sectional |
Subjects Ice hockey players Controls Non-athletic individuals |
Subjects 20 (20) Controls 20 (20) |
Subjects Age*: 20.6 Sex: 9 F/11 M Controls Age*: 20.1 Sex: 9 F/11 M | 1.5 T MRI |
Subjects Labral tear: 12/20; acetabular cartilage defect: 0/20; femoral cartilage defect: 2/20; herniation pit: 2/20; osseous bump: 4/20; paralabral cyst: 0/20 Controls Labral tear: 12/20; acetabular cartilage defect: 3/20; femoral cartilage defect: 3/20; herniation pit: 2/20; osseous bump: 4/20; paralabral cyst: 0/20 |
| Farrell et al 59 | Cross-sectional |
Subjects Rugby union academy players Controls Moderately active individuals |
Subjects 20 (40) Controls No MRI performed |
Subjects Age*: 22 (1.5) Sex: 20 M Controls Age*: 21.3 (1.7) Sex: 20 M | 3 T MRI |
Subjects Labral tear: 17/20‡; labral tear right hip: 10/20; labral tear left hip: 15/20; bilateral labral tear: 8/20; cartilage defect: 5/20; cartilage defect right hip: 3/20; cartilage defect left hip: 3/20; bilateral cartilage defect: 1/20 |
| Georgiadis et al 60 | Case series | Children | 108 (216) | Age*: 11.9 (†2–18) | 3 T MRI 1.5 T MRI | Labral tear per person: 2/108; labral tear per hip: 3/216 |
| Lahner et al 42 | Cross-sectional |
Subjects Semiprofessional soccer players Controls Amateur soccer players |
Subjects 22 (22) Controls 22 (22) |
Subjects Age*: 23.3 (3.3) Sex: 22 M Controls Age*: 22.5 (3.5) Sex: 22 M | 1.5 T MRI |
Subjects Labral tear: 3/22; cartilage defect: 2/22 Controls Labral tear: 1/22; cartilage defect: 1/22 |
| Lahner et al 57 | Cross-sectional |
Subjects Track and field athletes Controls Non-athletes |
Subjects 22 (44) Controls 22 (44) |
Subjects Age*: 23.7 (3.0) (†18–30) Sex: 11 F/11 M Controls Age*: 22.4 (4.2) (†18–32) Sex: 11 F/11 M | 1.5 T MRI |
Subjects Labral tear: 2/44; acetabular cartilage defect: 1/44; femoral cartilage defect: 1/44; herniation pit: 3/44; osseous bump: 3/44 Controls Labral tear: 1/44; acetabular cartilage defect: 0/44; femoral cartilage defect: 0/44; herniation pit: 1/44; osseous bump: 0/44 |
| Lee et al 64 | Cross-sectional | Medical students and allied health professionals | 70 (70) | Age*: 26 (†19–41) Sex: 47 F/23 M | 3 T MRI | Labral tear: 27/70; isolated labral tear: 16/70; sublabral recesses: 10/70; labral ossification: 10/70; paralabral cyst: 1/70; acetabular cartilage delamination 7/70; fibrocystic changes at head-neck junction 4/70; intra-articular pathology with or without labral tear: 32/70 |
| Leunig et al 52 | Cross-sectional |
Subjects Young women Controls Young men |
Subjects 80 (80) Controls 244 (244) |
Subjects Age*: 19.3±1.3 Controls Age*: 20.0±0.9 | 1.5 T MRI |
Subjects Labral tear: 17/80; intra-labral signal alterations: 10/80; labral avulsions: 13/80; labral deformities: 4/80; labral ganglions: 4/80; impingement pits: 0/80 Controls Labral tear: 175/244; intra-labral signal alterations: 86/244; labral avulsions: 153/244; labral deformities: 27/244; labral ganglions: 65/244; impingement pits: 41/244 |
| Mineta et al 62 | Case series | Individuals who underwent abdominal or pelvic CT | NR (1178) | Age*: 58.2 (†20–89) Sex: 483 F/695 M | CT | Herniation pit: 164/1178 |
| Panzer et al 46 | Case series | Individuals who had CT for polytrauma/pelvic, abdominal or thoracic examinations | 200 (400) | Age*: 55.1 (†15–96) Sex: 77 F/123 M | CT | Herniation pit (per person): 85/200; herniation pit (per hip): 107/400; >1 herniation pit (per hip): 25/400; herniation pit right hip: 65/107; herniation pit left hip: 42/107; bilateral herniation pit: 22/85 |
| Philippon et al 53 | Cross-sectional |
Subjects Youth ice hockey players Controls Youth skiers |
Subjects 61 (61) Controls 27 (27) |
Subjects Age*: 14.5 (2.7) Sex: 61 M Controls Age*: 15.2 (2.7) Sex: 27 M | 3 T MRI |
Subjects Labral tear: 42/61; peewee hockey players—labral tear: 13/27; bantam hockey players—labral tear: 5/8; midget hockey players—labral tear: 24/26; cartilage defect: 5/61; peewee hockey players—cartilage defect: 0/27; bantam hockey players—cartilage defect: 0/8; midget hockey players—cartilage defect: 5/26 Controls Labral tear: 19/27; skier—labral tear (peewee control): 5/7; skier—labral tear (bantam control): 5/8; skier—labral tear (midget control): 9/12; cartilage defect: 1/27; skier—cartilage defect (peewee control): 0/7; skier—cartilage defect (bantam control): 0/8; skier—cartilage defect (midget control): 1/12 |
| Register et al 49 | Cross-sectional | Asymptomatic individuals | 45 (45) | Age*: 38 (†18–66) Sex: 17 F/28 M | 3 T MRI | Labral tears: 31/45; cartilage defect: 11/45; ligamentum teres tear: 1/45; labral/paralabral cyst: 6/45; acetabular bone oedema: 5/45; fibrocystic changes to the femoral head/neck junction: 10/45; rim fracture: 5/45; subchondral cysts: 7/45; osseous bump of the femoral neck: 9/45 |
| Schmitz et al 50 | Case series | US air force personnel on active duty | 21 (42) | Age*: 34 (†27–43) Sex: 5 F/16 M | 1.5 T MRI | Labral tears: reader 1 35/42; reader 2 33/42 Paralabral cysts: reader 1 11/42; reader 2 9/42 |
| Silvis et al 48 | Cross-sectional | Ice hockey players | 39 (39) | Age: NR Sex: 39 M | 3 T MRI | Hip pathology total findings: 25/39; labral tear: 22/39; cartilage defect: 7/39; hip effusion: 0/39 |
| Yuan et al 54 | Cross-sectional |
Subjects High school student with clinical signs of FAI Controls High school students no clinical signs of FAI |
Subjects 13 (22) Controls 13 (26) |
Subjects Age: NR Sex: 1 F/12 M Controls Age: NR Sex: 1 F/12 M | 3 T MRI 1.5 T MRI |
Subjects Any abnormal hip finding: 15/22; labral tear: 14/22; acetabular rim damage: 3/22; cartilage defect: 1/22 Controls Any abnormal hip finding: 10/26; labral tear: 10/26; acetabular rim damage: 0/26; cartilage defect: 1/26 |
*Mean (SD).
†Range.
‡Results from raw data obtained from author.
F, female; FAI, femoroacetabular impingement; M, male; NR, not reported.