Deaths/n | Model 1† | Model 2‡ | Model 3§ | ||||
HR | 95% CIs | HR | 95% CIs | HR | 95% CIs | ||
All-cause mortality | |||||||
Walking pace | |||||||
Slow | 576/4101 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Average | 1957/25 857 | 0.73 | 0.67 to 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.71 to 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.72 to 0.88 |
Brisk/fast | 730/19 773 | 0.61 | 0.55 to 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.61 to 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.67 to 0.87 |
P trend linear | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
P trend non-linear | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | ||||
Cardiovascular mortality | |||||||
Walking pace | |||||||
Slow | 192/4101 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Average | 552/25 857 | 0.68 | 0.57 to 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.63 to 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.64 to 0.91 |
Brisk/fast | 193/19 773 | 0.55 | 0.45 to 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.54 to 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.62 to 0.99 |
P trend linear | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.089 | ||||
P trend non-linear | 0.007 | 0.032 | 0.007 | ||||
Cancer mortality | |||||||
Walking pace | |||||||
Slow | 137/4101 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Average | 717/25 857 | 1.03 | 0.85 to 1.24 | 1.06 | 0.88 to 1.29 | 1.08 | 0.89 to 1.31 |
Brisk/fast | 297/19 773 | 0.88 | 0.71 to 1.08 | 0.95 | 0.76 to 1.17 | 1.02 | 0.81 to 1.29 |
P trend linear | 0.152 | 0.478 | 0.945 | ||||
P trend non-linear | 0.338 | 0.269 | 0.339 |
The Health Survey for England and Scottish Health Survey (n=49 731).
*Prevalent cardiovascular disease was defined as doctor-diagnosed or self-reported (long-standing illness module) ischaemic heart disease, angina or stroke; prevalent cancer was determined through cancer registration records or self-reported (long-standing illness module).
†Model adjusted for age, sex and cohort.
‡Model also adjusted for long-standing illness, alcohol drinking frequency, psychological distress, body mass index, smoking status and education level.
§Model also adjusted for total (non-walking) physical activity volume (MET-hours/week), walking volume (MET-hours/week) and highest physical activity intensity reached.
MET, metabolic equivalent.