Risk of bias domain | ||||||
Selection bias | Performance bias | Detection bias | Attrition bias | Reporting bias | Other bias | |
Johnson582006 | High | High | High | High | Low | High |
Richardson59 2007 | High | High | High | High | Low | High |
Gardner63 2011 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Marshall60 2013 | High | High | High | High | Low | Low |
Bouchard61 2013 | High | High | High | Low | Low | High |
Rider64 2014 | High | High | Low | Low | Low | High |
Mansfield65 2016 | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low |
Barreira66 2016 | High | Low | Low | High | Low | High |
Slaght62 2017 | High | High | High | Low | Low | High |
Domains of bias as per Cochrane Risk of Bias tool:
Selection bias—random sequence generation, allocation concealment.
Performance bias—blinding of participants and personnel to intervention group allocation.
Detection bias—blinding of outcome assessors from knowledge of which intervention a participant received.
Attrition bias—incomplete outcome data, including information regarding attrition and exclusions from analyses.
Reporting bias—selective outcome reporting.
Other bias—other sources of bias.