Demographic data of included studies
| Study | Athletes (n, sex, mean age) | Athletes’ level | Sport |
| Amenabar and O’Donnell (2013)33 | 26, male, 21.8 years | Professional | Australian football |
| Barastegui et al (2017)34 | 21, male, 26.5 years | Professional | Football |
| Boykin et al (2013)35 | 21, male, 28 years | Professional | Multiple |
| Brunner et al (2009)30 | 45; 33 male, 41 years | Recreational | Multiple |
| Byrd and Jones (2011)21 | 200; 148 male, 28.6 years | Professional Collegiate High school Recreational | Multiple |
| Byrd et al (2016)22 | 104; 47 male, 16 years | High school | Multiple |
| Cohen et al (2012)23 | 44, not reported, not reported | Amateur to professional | Multiple |
| Cvetanovich et al (2016)36 | 37; 11 male, 17 years | Collegiate High school | Not reported |
| Degen et al (2016)24 | 50, male, 22.4 years | Professional Collegiate High school or club team | Baseball |
| Hammoud et al (2012)37 | 38, male, 31 years | Professional | Multiple |
| Klingenstein et al (2012)38 | 34; 29 male, 21.4 years | Professional Collegiate High school | Baseball Lacrosse |
| Levy et al (2017)39 | 51; 22 male, 26.3 years | Collegiate High school Amateur | Running |
| Malagelada et al (2015)25 | 15; 9 male, 40.8 years | Recreational | Multiple |
| Malviya et al (2013)26 | 80; 50 male, 35.7 years | Professional Recreational | Multiple |
| McDonald et al (2014)32 | 17, male, 31 years | Professional | Hockey |
| Menge et al (2016)40 | 60, male, 27 years | Professional | Hockey |
| Naal et al (2011)41 | 22, male, 19.7 years | Professional | Multiple |
| Naal et al (2014)42 | 126; 91 male, 30 years | Not reported | Multiple |
| Newman et al (2016)43 | 20, male, 38 years | Professional | Golf |
| Nho et al (2011)44 | 33, not reported, 22.8 years | Professional Collegiate High school | Multiple |
| Novais et al (2016)45 | 24; 12 male, 15.5 years | High school | Multiple |
| Perets et al (2017)46 | 41; 8 male, 19.3 years | Professional Collegiate High school | Multiple |
| Philippon et al (2007)47 | 45; 42 male, 31 years | Professional | Multiple |
| Philippon et al (2008)29 | 16; 2 male, 15 years | High school | Multiple |
| Philippon et al (2010)48 | 28, male, 27 years | Professional | Hockey |
| Polesello et al (2012)50 | 42, not reported, 36 years | Not reported | Not reported |
| Polesello et al (2014)49 | 14, not reported, 34.6 years | Professional Recreational | Not reported |
| Ribas et al (2007)51 | 32; 23 male, 36.2 years | Not reported | Multiple |
| Sansone et al (2015)27 | 85; 68 male, 25 years | Professional | Multiple |
| Shibata et al (2017)14 | 80; 42 male, 21 years | Professional Olympic Collegiate | Multiple |
| Singh and O’Donnell (2010)52 | 24, male, 22 years | Professional | Australian football |
| Tjong et al (2016)53 | 23; 8 male, 43.9 years | Collegiate Recreational | Swimming |
| Tran et al (2013)54 | 32; 29 male, 15.7 years | High school | Australian football |
| Weber et al (2016)31 | 66; 26 male, 26.8 years | Recreational Amateur | Not reported |
| Zingg et al (2013)28 | 38; 29 male, 28.3 years | Not reported | Not reported |