Factors | Prevalence (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Crude | Adjusted 1 | Adjusted 2 | ||
Age (years) | ||||
40–59 | 18/256 (7.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥60 | 67/341 (19.6) | 3.23 (1.87 to 5.60)*** | 3.08 (1.74 to 5.44)*** | 3.49 (1.71 to 7.11)** |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Normal (<25) | 46/359 (12.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Overweight (25 to <30) | 22/180 (12.2) | 0.95 (0.55 to 1.63) | 0.96 (0.55 to 1.69) | 0.90 (0.44 to 1.82) |
Obese (≥30) | 15/53 (28.3) | 2.69 (1.37 to 5.27)** | 2.49 (1.25 to 4.95)* | 2.35 (1.03 to 5.38)* |
Sex | ||||
Male | 54/356 (15.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 31/241 (12.9) | 0.83 (0.51 to 1.33) | 1.08 (0.64 to 1.81) | 1.26 (0.65 to 2.44) |
Knee injury | ||||
No | 53/483 (11.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 26/88 (29.5) | 3.40 (1.98 to 5.84)*** | 4.40 (2.45 to 7.88)*** | 4.92 (2.58 to 9.38)*** |
Knee alignment, 20s | ||||
Normal | 64/525 (12.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Varus | 13/43 (30.2) | 3.12 (1.55 to 6.29)** | 3.45 (1.61 to 7.36)** | 2.97 (1.11 to 7.94)* |
Valgus | 2/12 (16.7) | 1.44 (0.31 to 6.72) | 2.05 (0.40 to 10.45) | 2.08 (0.39 to 11.17) |
Sport: weight-bearing | ||||
No | 30/232 (12.9) | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 55/365 (15.1) | 1.20 (0.74 to 1.93) | 1.04 (0.63 to 1.72) | |
Hypermobility, 20s | ||||
≤3/9 Beighton | 52/435 (12.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥4/9 Beighton | 15/69 (21.7) | 2.05 (1.08 to 3.89)* | 2.73 (1.36 to 5.48)** | 2.64 (1.21 to 5.78)* |
Comorbidities | ||||
No | 18/207 (8.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 24/215 (11.2) | 1.32 (0.69 to 2.51) | 1.25 (0.64 to 2.43) | 1.09 (0.51 to 2.35) |
2 or more | 43/175 (24.6) | 3.42 (1.89 to 6.19)*** | 2.53 (1.34 to 4.78)** | 2.61 (1.23 to 5.52)* |
Index:ring finger ratio | ||||
Index=ring | 21/157 (13.4) | 1 | 1 | |
Index>ring | 7/57 (12.3) | 0.91 (0.36 to 2.26) | 1.22 (0.47 to 3.16) | |
Index<ring | 51/362 (14.1) | 1.06 (0.62 to 1.84) | 0.92 (0.52 to 1.64) | |
Finger nodes | ||||
No | 73/549 (13.3) | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 9/39 (23.1) | 1.96 (0.89 to 4.29) | 1.79 (0.78 to 4.11) | |
Sport: impact | ||||
No | 64/487 (13.1) | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 21/110 (19.1) | 1.56 (0.91 to 2.69) | 1.56 (0.87 to 2.77) | |
Widespread pain | ||||
No | 79/549 (14.4) | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 5/18 (27.8) | 2.29 (0.79 to 6.60) | 2.04 (0.67 to 6.21) |
Adjusted 1: OR was adjusted for a priori confounders of age, sex and BMI.
Adjusted 2: a mutually adjusted model was fitted of the a priori confounders plus any significant factors/variables.
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
BMI, body mass index.