Table 1

Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the study population according to age

Parameter	Adolescent athletes (a) n=292	Young adult athletes (b) n=569	Older adult athletes (c) n=197	P values
Height, cm	177±12	179±11	180±11	0.019
Weight, kg	69±13*†	74±15‡	77±15‡	<0.001
BSA, m²	1.84±0.22*†	1.92±0.24‡	1,95±0,24‡	<0.001
BMI, kg/m²	22±2*†	23±3‡†	24±3‡*	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	81±6*†	83±8‡†	86±9‡
Body fat, %	16±7†	17±6†	20±6‡	<0.001
Systolic BP, mm Hg	111±12*†	114±12‡	116 ± 11‡	<0.001
Diastolic BP, mm Hg	69±8*†	73±8‡	74±9‡	<0.001
Heart rate, bpm	60±10*†	57±11‡	57±11‡	<0.001
Glucose, mg/dL	93±7†	93±7 ^c	95±9‡	0.002
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	171±33*†	182±34‡†	191±34‡	<0.001
HDL, mg/dL	64±17†	66±16†	59±15‡	<0.001
LDL, mg/dL	95±27*†	103±28‡	116±31‡	<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL	69±31*†	77±37‡†	86±41‡	<0.001
Positive family history, n (%)	52 (18)	94 (17)	39 (20)	0.573
Max. exercise load, watt	231±56*†	253±61‡	244±59‡	<0.001
Peak systolic BP, mm Hg	178±21*†	184±23‡	184±21‡	<0.001
Peak diastolic BP, mm Hg	70±8*†	75±9‡†	77±9‡	<0.001
LV wall thickness, mm	9±1*†	10±1‡	10±1‡	<0.001
LV cavity diameter, mm	51±4*†	53±5‡	53±4‡	<0.001
Ejection fraction, %	65±6	65±6	65±6	0.967
Left atrial diameter, mm	33±4*†	35±4‡†	36±4‡	<0.001
Aortic root, mm	29±3*†	30±4‡†	32±4‡	<0.001
LV mass index, g/m²	90±18*†	101±23‡	100±20‡	<0.001
E/A ratio	2.0±0.5*†	1.9±0.5‡†	1.7±0.6‡	<0.001
TDI e’, cm/s	14±2*†	14±2‡†	13±2‡	<0.001
E/e’ ratio	6.6±1.3	6.5±1.4	6.3±1.5	0.246

*Young adult athletes.
†Older adult athletes.
‡Adolescent athletes.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BSA, body surface area; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricular; max, maximum; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.