Study characteristics
| Study | NOS score | Risk of bias | Cohort | PFP | Sample size | Incidence (%) | Study duration (months) |
| Boling et al 21 | H | L | Military (USA) | 40 (M=16, F=24) | 1319 | 3 | 30 |
| Duvigneaud et al 25 | H | L | Military (Belgium) | 26 (F=26) | 62 | 42 | 1.5 |
| Finnoff et al 26 | MD | H | Adolescents (USA) | 5 (M=2, F=3) | 98 | 5 | 9 |
| Foss et al 22 | H | L | Adolescents (USA) | 39 (F=39) | 262 | 15 | 24 |
| Herbst et al 27 | H | L | Adolescents (USA) | 38 (F=38) | 255 | 15 | 12 |
| Hetsroni et al 28 | H | L | Military (Israel) | 61 (M/F=?) | 405 | 15 | 4 |
| Holden et al 29 | MD | H | Adolescents (Ireland) | 8 (F=8) | 76 | 11 | 24 |
| Luedke et al 30 | MD | H | Recreational runners (USA) | 3 (M=1, F=2) | 57 | 5 | 12 |
| Milgrom et al 23 | MD | L | Military (Israel) | 60 (M=60) | 390 | 15 | 3.5 |
| Myer et al 31 | MD | H | Adolescents (USA) | 14 | 145 | 10 | 9 |
| Noehren32 | MD | H | Recreational runners (USA) | 15 (F=15) | 400 | 3 | 24 |
| Ramskov et al 33 | H | L | Recreational runners (Denmark) | 24 (M=10, F=14) | 629 | 4 | 12 |
| Thijs et al 36 | H | L | Military (Belgium) | 36 (M=25, F=11) | 84 | 43 | 1.5 |
| Thijs et al 34 | MD | H | Recreational runners (Belgium) | 17 (M=1, F=16) | 102 | 17 | 2.5 |
| Thijs et al 35 | MD | H | Recreational runners (Belgium) | 16 (F=16) | 77 | 21 | 2.5 |
| Van Tiggelen et al 37 | H | L | Military (Belgium) | 31 (M=31) | 96 | 32 | 1.5 |
| Van Tiggelen et al 24 | H | L | Military (Belgium) | 26 (M=26) | 79 | 33 | 1.5 |
| Witvrouw et al 38 | MD | H | Adolescents (Belgium) | 24 (M=11, F=13) | 282 | 9 | 24 |
F, female; H, high; L, low; M, male; MD, moderate; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; PFP, patellofemoral pain.