Table 1

Studies on depression of active athletes (M, male; F, female) using the CES-D and a cut-off of 16

Author, year, countryLevel and type of sportAthletes (n)Response rate (%)CES-D ≥16 (%)CES-D mean
Junge and Feddermann-Demont, 2016,10 SwitzerlandFirst national league
football (soccer)		471
M: 289
F: 182		91.9M: 6.6
15.1
F: 13.0		M: 7.18
9.89
F: 9.53
Li et al, 2017,37 USANCAA Division I
8 sports		958
M: 631
F: 327		90.321.7
M: 19.3
F: 27.2
Yang et al, 2014,38 USANCAA Division I
American Football		330
M: 256
F: 131		88.9/84.320.0
Yang et al, 2007,17 USANCAA Division I
various sports
Football
Baseball
Wrestling
Spirit squad
Rowing
Basketball
Gymnastics
Golf
Field hockey
Tennis
Cross country
Golf
Track and field		257
M: 167
F: 90
56
36
32
31
20
F: 14
M: 13
M: 12
F: 12
M: 11
F: 8
F: 8
F: 4		77.3­
M: 19.2
F: 25.6
17.9
19.4
15.6
29.0
20.0
28.6
30.8
25.0
33.3
9.1
12.5
25.0
25.0
Wolanin et al, 2016,14 USANCAA Division I
12 sports
Track and field

Football (soccer)

Baseball/Softball

Lacrosse		465
M: 199
F: 263
82

52

68

111		64.4M: 17.5
F: 28.1
M: 25
F: 37.7
M: 13.0
F: 31.0
M: 17.8
F: 30.4
M: 11.6
F: 16.7		M: 9.62
F: 12.30
Beable et al, 2017,39 New ZealandVarious sports1875121
Gulliver et al, 2014,16 AustraliaVarious sports224
M: 106
F: 118		25.1M: 23.6
F: 30.5		M: 10.33
F: 16.67
Brewer and Petrie, 1995,21 USA
(zit from Wolanin et al 6)		NCAA Division I
American Football		91627
Proctor and Boan-Lenzo, 2010,24 USADivision I BaseballM: 66Not reportedM: 15.6M: 8.76
Armstrong and Oomen-Early, 2009,15 USANCAA Division I
various sports		104
M: 47
F: 57		Not reported33.5M: 11.70
F: 15.49
Nixdorf et al, 2013,18 GermanyVarious levels and types of sports162
M: 104
F: 58		Not reported(cut-off 23: 19%)M: 12.6
F: 13.4

  • CES-D, Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic Association.