Modified Cochrane Back and Neck Pain Group criteria for overall level of evidence based on longitudinal studies
| Outcome | No. of studies | No. of participants | Level of evidence |
| Kinesiophobia (association with) | |||
| Quality of life | 2 | 289 | Limited (negative association) |
| Disability | 7 | 1123 | Moderate (positive association) |
| Pain intensity | 2 | 204 | Conflicting (positive association) |
| Pain severity | 2 | 331 | Limited (positive association) |
Strong evidence: consistent findings in two or more low risk of bias studies (score from 14 to 21 on NOS); moderate evidence: consistent findings in one low risk of bias study or two or more moderate risk of bias studies (score from 8 to 13 on NOS); limited evidence: consistent findings in one or more high risk of bias studies (score from 0 to 7 on NOS) or one moderate risk of bias study; lacking evidence: no published studies found; conflicting evidence: inconsistent or contradictory findings within a quality level.