Outcome | No. of studies | No. of participants | Level of evidence |
Kinesiophobia (association with) | |||
Quality of life | 8 | 1426 | Moderate (negative association) |
Disability | 46 | 9351 | Strong (positive association) |
Pain intensity | 38 | 6806 | Strong (positive association) |
Pain severity | 4 | 767 | Moderate (positive association) |
Strong evidence: consistent findings in two or more low risk of bias studies (score from 14 to 21 on NOS); moderate evidence: consistent findings in one low risk of bias study or two or more moderate risk of bias studies (score from 8 to 13 on NOS); limited evidence: consistent findings in one or more high risk of bias studies (score from 0 to 7 on NOS) or one moderate risk of bias study; lacking evidence: no published studies found; conflicting evidence: inconsistent or contradictory findings within a quality level.