Features that may help distinguish between primary bipolar and psychotic disorders and those secondary to substance use341–343 345 508
Primary disorder | Secondary to substance use | |
History | Possible past history of episodes and family history of disorder and no report of substance use | Use may be acknowledged with sensitive enquiry and corroborative reports (eg, from family, friends, etc) |
Clinical features |
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Physical exam | Signs of increased arousal may be present (eg, increased pulse and/or blood pressure) | The following signs may be present:
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AAS, anabolic–androgenic steroid.