Table 3

Effects and moderators of the effects of exercise on upper body muscle strength, lower body muscle strength, lower body muscle function and aerobic fitness.

	UBMS		LBMS		LBMF		Aerobic fitness
	χ² (df), p values	β (95% CI)	χ² (df), p values	β (95% CI)	χ² (df), p values	β (95% CI)	χ² (df), p values	β (95% CI)
Effect of exercise		0.20 (0.14 to 0.26)*		0.29 (0.23 to 0.35)*		0.16 (0.08 to 0.24)*		0.28 (0.23 to 0.34)*
Demographic moderators
Age continuous	0.10 (1), 0.76		0.57 (1), 0.45		0.70 (1), 0.40		6.22 (1), 0.01*
Age < 50								0.41 (0.31 to 0.52)*
Age 50–70								0.22 (0.15 to 0.29)*
Age > 70								0.23 (0.07 to 0.40)*
Sex	0.97 (1), 0.32		0.59 (1), 0.44		2.17 (1), 0.14		0.00 (1), 0.98
Marital status	1.90 (1), 0.17		5.12 (1), 0.02*		0.84 (1), 0.36		1.78 (1), 0.18
Partner				0.22 (0.14 to 0.30)*
Unmarried/living alone				0.37 (0.23 to 0.51)*
Education level	0.02 (1), 0.88		2.71 (1), 0.10		2.03 (1), 0.16		0.97 (1), 0.33
Clinical moderators
BMI continuous	0.68 (1), 0.41		0.19 (1), 0.66		1.15 (1), 0.28		0.00 (1), 0.98
Cancer type	0.77 (4), 0.94		0.26 (1), 0.61		2.06 (4), 0.73		7.69 (5), 0.17
Breast cancer versus other cancer types	0.47 (1), 0.50		0.26 (1), 0.61		0.58 (1), 0.45		0.77 (1), 0.38
Surgery	0.32 (1), 0.57		1.71 (1), 0.19		0.02 (1), 0.88		3.34 (1), 0.07
Chemotherapy	0.06 (1), 0.81		0.00 (1), 0.95		2.42 (1), 0.12		0.34 (1), 0.56
Radiotherapy	0.61 (1), 0.43		2.88 (1), 0.09		1.80 (1), 0.18		0.60 (1), 0.44
Hormone therapy for breast cancer	0.84 (1), 0.36		0.00 (1), 0.96		0.58 (1), 0.45		1.83 (1), 0.18
Intervention-related moderators
Timing of intervention	4.17 (1), 0.04*		0.02 (1), 0.90		1.04 (1), 0.31		2.05 (1), 0.15
During		0.26 (0.17 to 0.36)*
Following		0.13 (0.06 to 0.21)*
Delivery mode†– supervised versus unsupervised		0.19 (0.05 to 0.34)*†		0.30 (0.12 to 0.48)*†		0.02 (-0.16 to 0.19)†		0.23 (0.12 to 0.34)*†
Supervised		0.23 (0.17 to 0.30)*		0.30 (0.25 to 0.36)*				0.34 (0.28 to 0.40)*
Unsupervised		0.11 (−0.06 to 0.28)		0.13 (−0.17 to 0.44)				0.19 (0.07 to 0.32)*
Intervention duration (weeks)	1.69 (2), 0.43		2.57 (2), 0.28		1.10 (2), 0.58		8.47 (2), 0.01*‡
≤12								0.38 (0.30 to 0.46)*
> to 12–24								0.27 (0.17 to 0.38)*
> to 24								0.14 (−0.02 to 0.30)
Exercise-related moderators for supervised exercise
Frequency	17.11 (1), < to 0.01*		0.01 (1), 0.92		0.05 (1), 0.83		0.29 (1), 0.59
< to 3 times/week		0.16 (0.11 to 0.22)*
≥3 times/week		0.49 (0.28 to 0.70)*
Intensity†– Moderate–vigorous and vigorous versus low–moderate and moderate		0.11 (−0.04 to 0.27)†		−0.12 (−0.34 to 0.09)†		−0.04 (−0.17 to 0.10)†		0.04 (−0.09 to 0.17)†
Type†
AE+RE versus AE		0.26 (0.07 to 0.44)*		0.42 (0.25 to 0.59)*		–		−0.08 (−0.22 to 0.06)
RE versus AE		0.54 (0.37 to 0.71)*		0.29 (0.14 to 0.44)*		–		−0.31 (−0.49 to -0.13)*
RE+impact training versus AE		0.27 (0.04 to 0.50)*		0.28 (0.07 to 0.48)*		–		−0.21 (−0.48 to 0.06)
RE versus AE+RE		0.28 (0.14 to 0.43)*		−0.13 (−0.26 to -0.01)*		–		−0.23 (−0.42 to -0.03)*
RE+impact training versus AE+RE		0.02 (−0.16 to 0.19)		−0.14 (−0.30 to 0.02)		-0.00 (-0.16 to 0.16)		−0.13 (−0.37 to 0.12)
RE+impact training versus RE		−0.27 (−0.47 to -0.07)*		−0.01 (−0.18 to 0.16)		–		0.10 (−0.20 to 0.40)
Time of exercise session (min)	14.01 (2), 0.01*		9.07 (2), 0.01*		0.05 (1), 0.83		1.48 (2), 0.48
≥ 30		0.49 (0.28 to 0.70)*		0.31 (0.15 to 0.47)*
> to 30–60		0.16 (0.09 to 0.23)*		0.26 (0.19 to 0.34)*
> to 60		0.42 (0.24 to 0.60)*		0.51 (0.40 to 0.62)*
Weekly exercise volume	3.48 (1), 0.06		1.46 (1), 0.23		0.05 (1), 0.83		0.10 (1), 0.75
Exercise-related moderators for unsupervised exercise
Frequency	0.56 (1), 0.46		–		–		1.47 (1), 0.22
Intensity†– moderate–vigorous and vigorous versus		–		–		–		0.14 (−0.17 to 0.45)†
low-moderate and moderate
Type†– AE+RE versus AE		0.12 (−0.23 to 0.47)		–		–		−0.16 (−0.39 to 0.06)
Time of exercise session (min)	0.03 (1), 0.86		–		–		8.86 (1), < to 0.01*
≤ 30								0.28 (0.13 to 0.42)*
> to 30–60								− 0.14 (−0.39 to 0.11)
Weekly exercise volume	–		–		–		1.47 (1), 0.23

*Statistically significant.
†Interaction testing for a study-level moderator was not possible, and differences between subgroups were tested using dummy variables. Regression coefficients (β difference_in_effect) and 95% CIs are reported, which represent the between group difference in z-scores.
‡Log likelihood ratio not significant after correction for delivery mode (χ²=4.35, p=0.11).
AE, aerobic exercise; LBMS, lower body muscle strength; LBMF, lower body muscle function; RE, resistance exercise; UBMS, upper body muscle strength.