Systematic review and characteristics of included studies selected for meta-analysis and relevant outcomes
| Study | Population | Training programme | Outcomes | |||||||||||||||
| Status | Gender | Age (year) | Sample size | Dropout (n) | Duration (weeks) | Comparison group (n) | Average intensity (%HRmax) | Days/week | Session (min) | SBP (mm Hg) | DBP (mm Hg) | RHR (bpm) | BW (kg) | LBM (kg) | FM (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | CMJ (cm) | |
| Andersen et al 10 | Type II diabetes | M | 49±2 | 21 | 3 | 24 | CG (n=9) | 83±2 | 1.5±0.9 | 60 | FG: 1.1 ↓* CG: 0.6 ↑ | FG: 0.7 ↑ CG: 0.8 ↑ | FG: 1.7 ↓* CG: 0.1 ↓↑ | FG: 0.3 ↓ CG: 0.3 ↑ | ||||
| Andersen et al 23 | Mild to moderate hypertension | M | 31–54 | 22 | 3 | 12 | CG (n=9) | 83 | 1.7±0.2 | 60 | FG: 12 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 7↓* CG: nc | FG: 12 ↓* CG: 1 ↑ | |||||
| Andersen et al 48 | Healthy untrained | F | 36.5±8.2 | 47 | 0 | 16 | RG (n=18) CG (n=10) | 82 | 1.8 | 60 | FG: 6 ↓* RG: 5 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 4 ↓* RG: 3 ↓* CG: nc | ||||||
| Andersen et al 8 | Untrained hypertensive | M | 31–54 | 31 | 10 | 26 | CG (n=11) | Not reported | 1.7±0.1 | 60 | FG: 12 ↓* CG: 6 ↓ | FG: 8 ↓* CG: 4 ↓ | FG: 8↓* CG: 3 ↑ | |||||
| Andersen et al 12 | Untrained elderly | M | 63–74 | 26 | 1 | 16 | STG (n=9) CG (n=8) | 84±1 | 1.6±0.1 | 60 | FG: 1.8 ↑ RG: 1.7 ↑ CG: 1.2 ↓ | |||||||
| Barene et al 27 | Healthy hospital employees | F | 25–65 | 118 | 23 | 12 | ZG (n=30) CG (n=34) | 78.3±4.4 | 2.4±0.5 | 60 | FG: 2 ↓ ZG: nc CG: nc | FG: nc ZG: nc CG: nc | FG: 0.8 ↓ ZG: 0.8 ↓ CG: nc | FG: 0.2 ↑ ZG: nc CG: nc | FG: 1.0 ↓* ZG: 0.6 ↓ CG: 0.3 ↓ | FG: 0.3 ↓ ZG: 0.7 ↓* CG: nc | ||
| Barene et al 26 | Healthy hospital employees | F | 25–65 | 118 | 41 | 40 | ZG (n=30) CG (n=34) | 78.6±3.2 | 12 weeks: 2.4±0.5 28 weeks: 1.2±0.2 | 60 | FG: nc ZG: 3 ↓ CG: nc | FG: nc ZG: nc CG: nc | FG: 1.1 ↓* ZG: 2.1 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 0.1 ↑ ZG: 0.2 ↑ CG: nc | FG: 1.2 ↓* ZG: 1.3 ↓* CG: 0.3 ↓ | FG: 0.3 ↓ ZG: 0.7 ↓* CG: nc | ||
| Connolly et al 28 | Healthy inactive | F | 20–45 | 66 | 22 | 16 | VFG (n=21) CG (n=24) | 85±5 | 2.0 | 15 | FG: 2 ↑ VFG: 3 ↓ CG: 1 ↑ | FG: 1 ↑ VFG: 1 ↓ CG: nc | FG: 4 ↓ VFG: 2 ↓ CG: 4 ↓ | FG: 0.7 ↓ VFG: 0.2 ↑ CG: nc | FG: 0.7 ↑ VFG: 0.1 ↑ CG: nc | FG: 1.4 ↓* VFG: 0.3 ↑ CG: 0.2 ↓ | FG: 0.2 ↓ VFG: 0.1 ↑ CG: nc | |
| Helge et al 40 | Healthy untrained | F | 36.5±7.7 | 37 | 50 | 14 | RG (n=16) CG (n=9) | 83 | 1.8±0.3 | 60 | FG: 6 ↓* RG: 5 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 1.7 ↑* RG: 1.7↑* CG: nc | ||||||
| Helge et al 13 | Homeless | M | 26–50 | 55 | 22 | 12 | CG (n=10) | Not reported | 2.2±0.7 | Not reported | FG: 2.5 ↑* CG: nc | |||||||
| Jakobsen et al 41 | Healthy untrained | M | 21–45 | 49 | 0 | 12 | STG (n=8) HIRG (n=7) RG (n=9) CG (n=10) | 80 | 2.3 | 55 | STG: 2.7 ↑* FG: nc HIRG: nc RG: nc CG: nc | STG: 4.2 ↑* FG: nc HIRG: nc RG: nc CG: nc | ||||||
| Knoepfli-Lenzin et al 29 | Untrained mild hypertension | M | 20–45 | 104 | 57 | 12 | RG (n=15) CG (n=17) | 79.9±4.5 | 2.4±0.2 | 59±2 | FG: 11 ↓* RG: 7 ↓* CG: 7 ↓* | FG: 9 ↓* RG: 6 ↓* CG: 4 ↓* | FG: 7 ↓* RG: 9 ↓* CG: 6 ↓* | FG: 1.6 ↓ RG: 1.6 ↓ CG: 0.2 ↓ | FG: 0.5 ↑ RG: nc CG: 0.3 ↓ | FG: 2.0 ↓* RG: 1.7 ↓* CG:0.1 ↑ | ||
| Krustrup et al 30 | Healthy untrained | F | 19–47 | 28 | 6 | 68 | RG (n=8) CG (n=7) | 81±1 | 1.78 | 60 | FG: 7 ↓ RG: 7 ↓ CG: 2 ↓ | FG: 4 ↓ RG: 3 ↓ CG: 2 ↓ | FG: 5 ↓* RG: 6 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 0.3 ↑ RG: 0.2 ↑ CG: 0.7 ↓ | FG: 1.4 ↑* RG: 1.3 ↑* CG: 0.1 ↓ | FG: 1.4 ↓* RG: 0.3 ↓ CG: 0.5↓ | ||
| Krustrup et al 37 | Healthy untrained | F | 19–47 | 53 | 12 | 16 | RG (n=18) CG (n=14) | 83 | 1.8 | 60 | FG: 7 ↓ RG: 6 ↓ CG: nc | FG: 4 ↓ RG: 3 ↓ CG: nc | FG: 7 ↓* RG: 7 ↓* CG: 1 ↓ | FG: 0.3 ↓ RG: 0.7 ↓ CG: 0.2 ↓ | FG: 1.4 ↑* RG: 1.3 ↑* CG: 0.2 ↓ | FG: 1.2 ↓* RG: 2.2 ↓* CG: 0.9 ↓* | FG: 0.3 ↓ RG: 0.7 ↓ CG: 0.2 ↓ | |
| Krustrup et al 5 | Healthy untrained | M | 20–43 | 36 | 4 | 12 | RG (n=12) CG (n=11) | 82 | 2.3 | 60 | FG: 8 ↓* RG: 8 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 5 ↓* RG: 5 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 6 ↓* RG: 6 ↓* CG: 1 ↑ | FG: 1.1 ↓* RG: 1 ↓* CG: 0.1 ↓ | FG: 1.7 ↑* RG: 0.6 ↑ CG: 0.1 ↑ | FG: 2.7 ↓* RG: 1.7 ↓* CG: 0.3 ↓ | FG: 0.3 ↓ RG: 0.3 ↓ CG: nc | |
| Krustrup et al 31 | Untrained with mild hypertension | M | 30–55 | 43 | 10 | 26 | CG (n=11) | 85±7 | 1.7±0.5 | 60 | FG: 13 ↓* CG: 8 ↓* | FG: 8 ↓* CG: 3 ↓* | FG: 8 ↓* CG: 3 ↓ | FG: 0.2 ↑ CG: 0.2 ↑ | FG: 1.9 ↓* CG: 0.9 ↓ | |||
| Milanović et al 2 | Non-athletic men | M | 20–40 | 69 | 5 | 12 | RG (n=21) CG (n=23) | 80 | 3.0 | 60 | FG: 5.9 ↓* RG: 5.7 ↓* CG: 2.6 ↑* | FG: 6.1 ↑* RG: 5.8 ↑* CG: 2.0 ↑* | FG: 4.8 ↓* RG: 4.6 ↓* CG: 0.5 ↓ | FG: 1.8 ↓* RG: 1.8 ↓* CG: 0.8 ↑ | FG: 5.4 ↑* RG: 1.3 ↑* CG: 0.2 ↑ | |||
| Mohr et al 9 | Sedentary with mild hypertension | F | 40–50 | 42 | 1 | 15 | CG (n=20) | 80.5±1.1 | 3.0±0.1 | 60 | FG: 12 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 6 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 7 ↓* CG: 3 ↓ | FG: 1.4 ↓* CG: 1.0 ↑* | FG: 1.2 ↑* CG: nc | FG: 2.3↓* CG: 0.4 ↑ | FG: 0.6 ↓* CG: 0.3 ↑ | |
| Mohr et al 32 | Premenopausal with mild hypertension | F | 40–52 | 83 | 0 | 15 | HITS (n=21) MODS (n=21) CG (n=21) | ~80 | 3.0±0.5 | 60 | FG: 12 ↓* HITS: 6 ↓* MODS: 4 ↓* CG: 1 ↓ | FG: 6 ↓* HITS: 2 ↓ MODS: nc CG: 1 ↓ | FG: 7 ↓* HITS: 5 ↓* MODS: 5 ↓* CG: 1 ↑ | FG: 1.4 ↓* HITS: 0.6 ↓ MODS: 1.4 ↓* CG: 0.9 ↑ | FG: 1.2 ↑* HITS: 1.7 ↑* MODS: 1 ↑* CG: 0.4 ↑ | FG: 2.3 ↓ * HITS: 1.0 ↓* MODS: 1.7 ↓* CG: 0.4 ↑ | ||
| Randers et al 24 | Healthy untrained | M | 20–43 | 22 | 5 | 12+52 | CG (n=7) | 12 weeks: 81 52 weeks: 82 | 12 weeks: 1.8–2.9 52 weeks: 0.9–1.6 | 60 | FG: 8 ↓* CG: nc | FG: 3 ↓ CG: nc | FG: 6 ↓* CG: 3 ↑ | FG: 1.4 ↓* CG: 1.0 ↑* | FG: 2.4 ↓* CG: 0.1↓ | |||
| Randers et al 25 | Homeless | M | 27–47 | 55 | 23 | 12 | CG (n=10) | 82±4 | 2.8±0.8 | 60 | FG: 4 ↓* CG: 3 ↑ | FG: 0.9 ↓ CG: 0.6 ↑ | FG: 1.1 ↑* CG: 0.4 ↑ | FG: 1.7 ↓* CG: 0.6 ↑ | FG: 0.3 ↓ CG: 0.2 ↑ | |||
| Schmidt et al 33 | Untrained | M | 65–75 | 27 | 1 | 52 | STG (n=9) CG (n=8) | Not reported | 1.7±0.3 | 60 | FG: 0.2 ↓ STG: 2 ↑ CG: nc | FG: nc STG: 1 ↑ CG: nc | FG: 8 ↓* STG: 2 ↓ CG: 2 ↓ | |||||
| Uth et al 11 | Prostate cancer | M | 43–74 | 57 | 8 | 12 | CG (n=28) | 84.6±3.9 | 1.7±0.1 | 45–60 | FG: 0.2↓ CG: 0.1↓ | FG: 0.9 ↑* CG: 0.1↑ | FG: 0.2 ↓ CG: 0.1↓ | FG: 0.1↓ CG: 0.1↓ | FG: 1.1 ↑* CG: 0.8 ↓* | |||
| Andersen et al 44 | Healthy elderly | M | 63–74 | 27 | 1 | 16+46 | STG (n=9) CG (n=8) | ~80 | 1.7±0.3 | 60 | FG: 2.3↓* STG: 0.3↓ CG: 1.0↑ | FG: 0.6↓ STG: 0.9↑* CG: 0.4↑ | FG: 1.8↓ STG: 1.0↓ CG: 0.1↓ | FG: 0.8 ↓* STG: 0.1 ↓ CG: 0.3↑ | ||||
| Barene et al 42 | Healthy hospital employees | F | 25–63 | 107 | 41 | ZG (n=37) CG (n=35) | 78 | 2–3 | 60 | FG: nc ZG: 0.3 ↓ CG: nc | ||||||||
| Hammami et al 34 | Postpubertal adolescent | M | 15.9±0.6 | 22 | 0 | 8 | CG (n=11) | 84.6 | 2 | 30–45 | FG: 2↑ CG: 3↑ | FG: 3↓ CG: nc | FG: 5↓ CG: 7↓ | |||||
| Krustrup et al 35 | Mildly hypertensive middle-aged | F | 45±5 | 41 | 10 | 52 | CG (n=12) | ~80 | 2.5±0.4 | 45–60 | FG: 7↓* CG: 3↑ | FG:4↓ CG: 4↑ | FG: 7↓ CG: 3↓ | FG: 2.5↓* CG: 0.6↑ | FG: 2.6 ↑* CG: 1.1↑ | FG: 3.2↓* CG: 0.2↑ | ||
| Seabra et al 38 | Overweight children | M | 8–12 | 17 | 0 | 26 | CG (n=8) | 78 | 4 | 60–90 | FG: 7.7↑* CG: 0.1↓ | |||||||
| Seabra et al 36 | Overweight children | M | 8–12 | 90 | 2 | 26 | TG (n=29) CG (n=30) | 78 | 3 | 60–90 | FG: 0.4↑ TG: 4.9↑ CG: 1.4↑ | FG: 3.9↓ TG: 4.8↓ CG: 1.8↑ | FG: 0.4↓ TG: 1.5↑ CG: 1.9↑ | FG: 1.5↑* TG: 1.7↑* CG: 1↑* | FG: 1.3 ↓* TG: 1.7 ↓* CG: 2.4↑* | FG: 0.2↓ TG: 0.1↓ CG: 0.2↑ | ||
| Sundstrup et al 43 | Healthy elderly | M | 68.2±3.2 | 27 | 2 | 16+36 | STG (n=9) CG (n=8) | ~80 | 2–3 | 45–60 | FG: 5.8↑* STG: 5.5↑ CG: 2.5 ↑ | |||||||
| Uth et al 39 | Prostate cancer | M | 67±7 | 57 | 16 | 32 | CG (n=28) | 2–3 | 45–60 | FG: 0.1↓ CG: 0.1↓ | FG: 0.2↓ CG: 0.1↓ | FG: 0.9↑ CG: 0.7↓ | ||||||
↑*, significant increase; ↑, increase; ↓*, significant decrease; ↓, decrease.
BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; BW, body weight; CG, control group; CMJ, countermovement jump; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F, female; FG, football group; FM, fat mass; HIRG, high-intensity running group; HITS, high-intensity swimming group; HRmax, maximal heart rate; LBM, lean body mass; M, male; MODS, moderate-intensity swimming group; nc, no changes; RG, running group; RHR, resting heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; STG, strength training group; TG, traditional activity group; VFG, vibration strength group; ZG, Zumba group.