Summary of acute injury mechanisms, apparatus and skills performed at time of injury
| Author, year (country) | Participants, types of injuries investigated | Mechanism of injury, n (%) | Apparatus, n (%) | Skill phase, skill type/specific skill, n (%) |
| Bak et al,34 1994 (Denmark) | Male gymnasts. Whole body injuries. | – | Floor=4 (21.1). Pommel=2 (10.5). Rings=3 (15.8). Vault=1 (5.3). Parallel bars=4 (21.1). Horizontal bar=2 (10.5). Trampoline=1 (5.3). Other=2 (10.5). | Dismounts=4 (22.2). Falls=5 (27.8). Collision=5 (27.8). Mounts=0 (0). Other (gluing)=4 (22.2). |
| Caine et al,9 1989 (USA) | Female gymnasts. Whole body injuries. | – | Vault=9 (13.8). Uneven bars=13 (20.0). Beam=15 (23.1). Floor=23 (35.4). Other=5 (7.7). | – |
| Caine et al,2 2003 (USA) | Female gymnasts. Whole body injuries. | – | Vault=13 (11.4). Uneven bars=34 (29.8). Beam=19 (16.7). Floor=39 (34.2). Trampoline=3 (2.6). Other=6 (5.3). | – |
| Ghasempour et al,40 2013 (Iran) | Male gymnasts. Ankle injuries. | – | Floor=85 (58.0). Vault=43 (29.0). | Landing=112 (76.0). During routine (excluding landing)=35 (24.0). |
| Goodman et al,48 2018 (USA) | Female gymnasts. Elbow subluxation and elbow dislocations. | Surface contact=49 (100). | – | – |
| Kay et al,49 2017 (USA) | Female gymnasts. Severe injuries. | Surface contact=37 (46.8). Apparatus contact=16 (20.3). | – | – |
| Kopec et al,52 2017 (USA) | Female gymnasts. Deltoid ligament sprains. | Surface contact=8 (61.5). | Vault=3 (23.1). Beam=5 (38.5). Floor=5 (38.5). | – |
| Lindner and Caine, 36 1990 (Canada) | Female gymnasts. Whole body injuries. | Apparatus failure=0 (0). Missed move=21 (30.0). Apparatus contact=12 (17.1). Fall from apparatus=11 (15.7). Dismount=8 (11.4). Contact with another Person=3 (4.3). Other=15 (21.4). | Vault=9 (13.0). Uneven bars=13 (18.8). Beam=12 (17.4). Floor=26 (37.7). No apparatus=9 (13.0). |
Vault Handspring=5 (11.1). Tsukahara=2 (4.4). Bars Kip=3 (6.7.). Under-swing dismount=3 (6.7). Release=2 (4.4). Beam Walkover=2 (4.4). Back handspring=2 (4.4). Somersault dismount=2 (4.4). Aerial cartwheel=2 (4.4). Floor Round-off=6 (13.3). Back layout twisting somersault=4 (8.9). Back handspring=3 (6.7). Back somersault=4 (8.9). Back layout somersault=2 (4.4). Front somersault=3 (6.7). |
| O’Kane et al,43 2014 (USA) | Female gymnasts. Whole body injuries. | – | Vault=7 (13.2). Bars=9 (17.0). Beam=11 (20.7). Floor=17 (32.1). Other=9 (17.0). | Run-up phase=1 (2.1). Take-off phase=2 (3.9). Skill-specific phase=10 (19.6). Back handspring=3. Front handspring=2. Cast away from high bar=1. Jump to high bar=1. Heel snap turn=1. Straddle jump=1. Switch leap=1. Landings=25 (49.0). Other=13 (25.4). |
| Vanderlei et al,44 2013 (Brazil) | Female gymnasts. Whole body injuries. | Direct contact=0 (0). No contact=9 (90.0). Overload=1 (10.0). | – | – |
| Wright andDe Cree,45 1998 (UK) Cross-sectional and retrospective. | Female gymnasts. Whole body injuries. | – | Vault=15.0%. Bars=15.0%. Beam 40.0%. Floor=15.0%. | – |