Study characteristics
| Authors, year (country) | Study design, surveillance period, injury location/type investigated | Sample size, mean age, height and body mass (M, F; SD/range) | Level of competition, mean/range training exposure±SD (range) | D&B score, OCEBM LoE |
| Bak et al,34 1994 (Denmark) | Prospective cohort. 1 year. Whole body injuries. | 37 M. 16 (8–23) years. 167 (127–191) cm. 58 (26–93) kg. | Elite and national levels. 14 (5–27) hours/week, 49 (47–51) weeks/year. | 11. Level 3. |
| Caine et al,91989 (USA) | Prospective cohort. 1 year. Whole body injuries. | 50 F. 12.6 years. Height and body mass not reported. | Elite, national and state level. 20–27 hours/week, 5–6 days/week. | 13. Level 3. |
| Caine et al,2 2003 (USA) | Prospective cohort. 3 years. Whole body injuries. | 79 F. 7–18 years. Height and body mass not reported. | National, state and club level. 7.5–22.5 hours/week, 3–6 days/week. | 13. Level 3. |
| Dexel et al,38 2014 (Germany) | Cross-sectional. Elbow injuries. | 30 F. 11.7 years. Height and body mass not reported. | National level. 7.8±1.3 sessions/week. | 11. Level 3. |
| DiFiori et al,41 1996 (USA) | Cross-sectional and retrospective. 6 months. Wrist injuries. | 52 (20 M, 32 F). M: 10.9±3.3 years; F: 12.3±2.0 years Height and body mass not reported. | National, state and club levels 11.9±5.2 hours/week. | 11.5. Level 3. |
| Dixon and Fricker,46 1993 (Australia) | Retrospective cohort. 10 years. Whole body injuries. | 116 (42 M, 74 F). M: 16.5 years; F: 13.5 years (at beginning of scholarship). Height and body mass not reported. | Elite level. 36–40 hours/week, 11–12 sessions/week. | 11. Level 3. |
| Gans et al,47 2018 (USA) | Retrospective. 10 years. ACL injuries. | F only (number not reported). Age, height and body mass not reported. | Collegiate level. Training exposure not reported. | 11. Level 3. |
| Ghasempour et al,40 2013 (Iran) | Cross-sectional and retrospective. 1 year. Ankle injuries. | 43 M. 20.5 (16–28) years. Height and body mass not reported. | Elite level. 2.7 hours/session, 5.3 sessions/week. | 11.5. Level 3. |
| Ghasempour et al,42 2014 (Iran) | Cross-sectional and retrospective. 1 year. Wrist injuries. | 43 M. 20.5 (16–28) years. Height and body mass not reported. | Elite level. 2.7 hours/session, 5.3 sessions/week. | 13. Level 3. |
| Goodman et al,48 2018 (USA) | Retrospective cohort. 4 years. Elbow subluxation and dislocation injuries. | F only (number not reported). Age, height and body mass not reported. | Collegiate level. Training exposure not reported. | 10.5. Level 3. |
| Kay et al,49 2017 (USA) | Retrospective cohort. 5 years. Severe injuries. | F only (number not reported). Age, height and body mass not reported. | Collegiate level. Training exposure not reported. | 12. Level 3. |
| Kolt and Kirkby,51 1995 (Australia) | Retrospective cohort. 1 year. Whole body injuries. | 162 F. 12.6±2.0 years. Height and body mass not reported. | Elite, national and state level. Elite: 31.1±3.6 hours/week; national/state: 17.0±4.6 hours/week. | 12. Level 3. |
| Kolt and Kirkby,50 1999 (Australia) | Retrospective cohort. 1 year. Whole body injuries. | 162 F. 12.6±2.0 years. Height and body mass not reported. | Elite, national and state level. Elite: 31.1±3.6 hours/week; national/state: 17.0±4.6 hours/week. | 11.5. Level 3. |
| Kolt and Kirkby,35 1999 (Australia) | Prospective cohort. 18 months. Whole body injuries. | 64 F. 12.6±1.7 years. Height and body mass not reported. | Elite, national and state level. Elite: 33.3±2.4 hours/week; national/state: 16.8±4.5 hours/week. | 11. Level 3. |
| Kopec et al,52 2017 (USA) | Retrospective cohort. 5 years. Deltoid ligament sprains. | F only (number not reported). Age, height and body mass not reported. | Collegiate level. Training exposure not reported. | 10.5. Level 3. |
| Lindner and Caine,36 1990 (Canada) | Prospective cohort. 3 years. Whole body injuries. | 178 F. 7–15 years. Height and body mass not reported. | National and state level. Training exposure not reported. | 11.5. Level 3. |
| O’Kane et al,43 2014 (USA) | Cross-sectional and retrospective. Entire gymnastics career and last season. Whole body injuries. | 96 F. 7–17 years. Height and body mass not reported. | National and state level. Training exposure not reported for entire sample or subgroups. | 11. Level 1. |
| Rizzone et al,6 2017 (USA) | Retrospective cohort. 10 years. Stress fractures. | F only (number not reported). Age, height and body mass not reported. | Collegiate level. Training exposure not reported. | 10.5. Level 3. |
| Soler and Calderon,39 2000 (Spain) | Cross-sectional. Spondylolysis. | 112 M and F. Age, height and body mass not reported. | Elite level. Training exposure not reported. | 12. Level 3. |
| Tenforde et al,37 2017 (USA) | Prospective cohort. Surveillance period not reported. Stress fractures. | 16 F. Age, height and body mass not reported. | Collegiate level. Training exposure not reported. | 13. Level 3. |
| Vanderlei et al,44 2013 (Brazil) | Cross-sectional and retrospective. 1 year. Whole body injuries. | 8 F. Age, height and body mass not reported. | National and state level. Training exposure not reported. | 13. Level 3. |
| Wright and De Cree,45 1998 (UK) | Cross-sectional and retrospective. 4 years. Whole body injuries. | 15 F. 11.8±3.5 years. Height and body mass not reported. | Elite level. 13.6±5.8 hours/week. | 13. Level 3. |
D&B, Downs and Black; F, female; LoE, Level of Evidence; M, male; OCEBM, Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine.