Baseline participant characteristics
| All participants (n=129) | CON (n=18) | BIKE (n=34) | MOD (n=39) | VIG (n=38) | |
| Age, years* | 34 (7) | 35 (7) | 35 (7) | 32 (7) | 36 (7) |
| Female, number (%)† | 69 (53%) | 9 (50%) | 19 (54%) | 21 (54%) | 20 (53%) |
| Educational level | |||||
| Less than college† | 67 (52%) | 7 (39%) | 23 (66%) | 21 (53%) | 16 (42%) |
| College† | 42 (32%) | 5 (28%) | 7 (20%) | 12 (31%) | 18 (48%) |
| Graduate school† | 21 (16%) | 6 (33%) | 5 (14%) | 6 (16%) | 4 (10%) |
| Job status | |||||
| Employed, No (%)† | 102 (78%) | 16 (89%) | 28 (80%) | 27 (69%) | 31 (82%) |
| Unemployed, No (%)† | 11 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 5 (13%) | 4 (11%) |
| Student, No (%)† | 17 (13%) | 2 (11%) | 5 (15%) | 7 (18%) | 3 (7%) |
| Civil status | |||||
| Single, No (%)† | 34 (26%) | 3 (17%) | 8 (23%) | 13 (33%) | 10 (26%) |
| Cohabiting, No (%)† | 96 (74%) | 15 (83%) | 27 (77%) | 26 (67%) | 28 (74%) |
| Anthropometrics | |||||
| Weight, kg* | 89.9 (12.5) | 91.7 (12.3) | 89.6 (11.2) | 88.6 (11.6) | 90.8 (14.6) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2* | 29.7 (2.6) | 30.1 (2.9) | 29.6 (3.2) | 29.1 (2.0) | 29.8 (2.5) |
| Fat-free mass, kg‡ | 53.3 (44.4; 64.9) | 52.5 (44.3; 64.1) | 54.7 (45.2; 59.7) | 52.0 (44.0; 64.9) | 51.3 (43.9; 69.0) |
| Fat mass, kg* | 34.7 (7.2) | 36.1 (6.3) | 34.4 (8.4) | 34.3 (7.3) | 34.8 (6.4) |
| Waist circumference, cm* | 94 (10) | 96 (9) | 95 (10) | 92 (10) | 94 (11) |
| Intra-abdominal adipose tissue, g‡ | 1722 (1154; 2703) | 2019 (1403; 2514) | 1824 (1244; 2629) | 1499 (1006; 2253) | 1716 (1112; 2866) |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic, mm Hg* | 119 (12) | 118 (12) | 118 (12) | 118 (11) | 120 (14) |
| Diastolic, mm Hg* | 76 (9) | 77 (11) | 77 (11) | 75 (7) | 77 (8) |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness | |||||
| mL/min* | 2628 (601) | 2710 (709) | 2620 (510) | 2590 (580) | 2637 (644) |
| mL/min/kg* | 29.0 (5.1) | 29.3 (5.9) | 29.2 (4.5) | 28.8 (5.2) | 29.8 (2.4) |
| Maximal power, watt* | 190 (46) | 198 (53) | 189 (40) | 189 (46) | 189 (48) |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L* | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.4) |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L‡ | 68.0 (53.4; 94.5) | 64.5 (47.6; 115.2) | 78.2 (48.6; 110.2) | 69.3 (53.6; 96.5) | 62.3 (53.5; 75.6) |
| HOMA-IR‡ | 2.26 (1.79; 3.09) | 2.09 (1.53; 3.96) | 2.64 (1.63; 3.69) | 2.27 (1.83; 3.08) | 2.12 (1.84; 2.65) |
| Peripheral insulin sensitivity, ml/min/pmolinsulin/L‡ | 0.66 (0.51; 0.91) | 0.69 (0.52; 0.80) | 0.63 (0.45; 0.99) | 0.66 (0.56; 0.88) | 0.70 (0.53; 0.88) |
| Clamp glucose disposal rate, mg/min‡ | 309 (242; 448) | 303 (240; 389) | 298 (240; 424) | 357 (235; 448) | 305 (264; 473) |
| Clamp glucose levels, mmol/L* | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.5) |
| Clamp insulin levels, pmol/L* | 520 (108) | 503 (139) | 512 (115) | 535 (110) | 518 (82) |
| AUC glucose mixed meal challenge* | 1074 (126) | 1116 (142) | 1068 (122) | 1080 (130) | 1055 (120) |
| AUC insulin mixed meal challenge, 103‡ | 51.3 (37.8; 71.4) | 51.3 (42.8; 68.4) | 48.5 (34.4; 74.2) | 51.4 (37.9; 65.6) | 53.1 (34.6; 63.8) |
Data are presented as *mean (SD), †number with the percentage of n, or as ‡median (25th centile; 75th centile). Peripheral insulin sensitivity: metabolic clearance rate of glucose measured by the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp.
AUC, area under the curve; BIKE, active commuting group; CON, control group; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis assessment of insulin resistance; MOD, moderate intensity exercise group; VIG, vigorous intensity exercise group.