Table 4

Changes in descriptive outcomes in the intention-to-treat population

	Estimated mean difference versus CON							P value versus other exercise groups
	CON (n=18)	BIKE (n=34)		MOD (n=39)		VIG (n=38)		BIKE		MOD
	CON (n=18)	BIKE (n=34)		MOD (n=39)		VIG (n=38)		versus MOD	versus VIG	versus VIG
Anthropometrics
Body weight, kg*
3 months	91.8 (95% CI 89.4 to 94.1)	−2.7 (95% CI –4.8 to −0.6)	0.011	−1.7 (95% CI –3.7 to 0.2)	0.076	−3.2 (95% CI –5.1 to −1.2)	0.002	0.27	0.61	0.072
6 months	92.1 (95% CI 89.6 to 94.7)	−3.7 (95% CI–6.2 to −1.3)	0.003	−2.5 (95% CI –4.7 to −0.2)	0.033	−4.2 (95% CI –6.4 to −1.9)	<0.001	0.23	0.70	0.074
Fat-free mass, kg*
3 months	55.9 (95% CI 54.6 to 57.2)	0.9 (95% CI –0.3 to 2.0)	0.15	0.4 (95% CI –0.7 to 1.5)	0.46	0.2 (95% CI –0.9 to 1.3)	0.73	0.35	0.18	0.63
6 months	55.9 (95% CI 54.7 to 57.2)	0.6 (95% CI –0.5 to 1.6)	0.28	0.2 (95% CI –0.8 to 1.2)	0.70	0.4 (95% CI –0.6 to 1.4)	0.44	0.40	0.67	0.64
Fat mass, kg*
3 months	36.1 (95% CI 34.2 to 37.9)	−3.6 (95% CI –5.5 to −1.8)	<0.001	−2.2 (95% CI –3.9 to −0.5)	0.013	−3.5 (95% CI –5.2 to −1.7)	<0.001	0.07	0.86	0.072
6 months	36.3 (95% CI 34.2 to 38.4)	−4.2 (95% CI –6.6 to −1.9)	<0.001	−2.7 (95% CI –4.8 to −0.5)	0.015	−4.5 (95% CI –6.7 to −2.3)	<0.001	0.12	0.79	0.041
Waist circumference, cm*
3 months	95.5 (95% CI 92.7 to 98.2)	−3.1 (95% CI –6.5 to 0.4)	0.080	−3.0 (95% CI –6.1 to 0.1)	0.06	−4.3 (95% CI –7.5 to −1.1)	0.009	0.96	0.41	0.31
6 months	95.1 (95% CI 92.6 to 97.6)	−2.9 (95% CI –6.1 to 0.3)	0.076	−4.9 (95% CI –7.8 to −2.0)	0.001	−4.9 (95% CI –7.9 to −2.0)	0.001	0.16	0.16	0.96
Glucose metabolism
Fasting glucose, mmol/L
3 months	5.3 (95% CI 5.2 to 5.5)	0.0 (95% CI –0.2 to 0.2)	0.75	0.0 (95% CI –0.2 to 0.2)	0.84	0.0 (95% CI –0.1 to 0.2)	0.73	0.88	0.45	0.50
6 months	5.4 (95% CI 5.3 to 5.6)	−0.1 (95% CI –0.3 to 0.1)	0.19	0.0 (95% CI –0.2 to 0.2)	0.85	−0.1 (95% CI –0.3 to 0.0)	0.11	0.19	0.86	0.095
Fasting insulin, pmol/L†
3 months	71 (95% CI 59 to 87)	−11% (95% CI –31% to 14%)	0.36	−2% (95% CI –22% to 23%)	0.86	−15% (95% CI –33% to 7%)	0.16	0.36	0.63	0.13
6 months	75 (95% CI 62 to 91)	−7% (95% CI –28% to 18%)	0.53	−7% (95% CI –26% to 16%)	0.50	−30% (95% CI –44% to −12%)	0.002	0.99	0.009	0.003
HOMA-IR†
3 months	2.4 (95% CI 2 to 3)	−11% (95% CI –31% to 16%)	0.38	−2% (95% CI –23% to 24%)	0.86	−15% (95% CI –34% to 9%)	0.19	0.39	0.68	0.16
6 months	2.6 (95% CI 2.2 to 3.2)	−11% (95% CI –31% to 16%)	0.40	−9% (95% CI –28% to 16%)	0.45	−33% (95% CI –47% to −15%)	0.001	0.86	0.013	0.003
Clamp glucose disposal rate, mg/min*†
3 months	356 (95% CI 314 to 403)	4% (95% CI –11% to 21%)	0.63	10% (95% CI –5% to 27%)	0.19	14% (95% CI –1% to 32%)	0.074	0.37	0.15	0.52
6 months	345 ((%5 CI 303 to 393)	12% (95% CI –5% to 32%)	0.18	12% (95% CI –4% to 30%)	0.16	15% (95% CI –2% to 34%)	0.081	0.94	0.77	0.67
Clamp glucose (90–120 min), mmol/L†
3 months	5.6 (95% CI 5.4 to 5.9)	−0.1 (95% CI –0.4 to 0.1)	0.34	−0.3 (95% CI –0.5 to 0.0)	0.043	−0.1 (95% CI –0.4 to 0.1)	0.38	0.26	0.88	0.17
6 months	5.4 (95% CI 5.2 to 5.7)	0.2 (95% CI –0.1 to 0.5)	0.18	0.0 (95% CI −0.2 to 0.3)	0.96	0.0 (95% CI −0.2 to 0.3)	0.81	0.14	0.20	0.83
Clamp insulin (90–120 min), pmol/L*†
3 months	520 (95% CI 483 to 560)	−2% (95% CI –10% to 8%)	0.70	1% (95% CI –7% to 10%)	0.84	−7% (95% CI –14% to 2%)	0.12	0.49	0.20	0.028
6 months	539 (95% CI 507 to 574)	−10% (95% CI –16% to −2%)	0.012	−4% (95% CI –11% to 3%)	0.24	−10% (95% CI –16% to −3%)	0.006	0.086	0.97	0.048
AUC glucose, mixed meal challenge
3 months	1109 (95% CI 1060 to 1158)	−1 (95% CI –62 to 59)	0.97	−49 (95% CI –105 to 7)	0.083	−17 (95% CI –74 to 41)	0.57	0.059	0.56	0.17
6 months	1100 (95% CI 1042 to 1158)	14 (95% CI –61 to 89)	0.71	−34 (95% CI –102 to 35)	0.33	−45 (95% CI –118 to 27)	0.22	0.14	0.089	0.71
AUC insulin, mixed meal challenge, 10³†
3 months	54 (95% CI 46 to 63)	−11% (95% CI –26% to 8%)	0.23	−13% (95% CI –27% to 3%)	0.11	−17% (95% CI –31% to −0.3%)	0.047	0.72	0.40	0.58
6 months	53 (95% CI 45 to 62)	−11% (95% CI –27% to 8%)	0.23	−10% (95% CI –25% to 7%)	0.23	−17% (95% CI –32% to −0.3%)	0.047	0.91	0.42	0.30

Presented results are estimates obtained from the linear mixed models used for the analysis. Data are presented as estimated means (95% CIs) for CON and as estimated mean differences from CON (95% CIs) and p values for BIKE, MOD and VIG. Additionally, p values for comparisons between exercise groups are listed.
*Adjusted for gender.
†Data were transformed for analysis and results have been back transformed for presentation.
AUC, area under the curve; BIKE, active commuting group; CON, control group; HOMA-IR, Homoeostasis assessment of insulin resistance; MOD, moderate intensity exercise group; VIG, vigorous intensity exercise group.