6 weeks | 6 months | 12 months | |
Primary outcome | |||
NDI (0–100) | −10.0 (−15.5 to −4.48)** | −7.8 (−13.8 to −1.8)* | −10.1 (−16.3 to −4.0)** |
Secondary outcome | |||
PDS (0–51) | −3.7 (−6.9 to −0.5)* | −4.7 (−8.6 to −0.8)* | −3.2 (−6.7 to 0.4) |
DASS-Stress (0–42) | −5.6 (−8.4 to −2.8)*** | −4.2 (−7.3 to −1.1)** | −2.2 (−5.1 to 0.8) |
DASS-Anxiety (0–42) | −2.3 (−4.6 to 0.1) | −2.9 (−5.5 to −0.2)* | −0.8 (−3.7 to 2.1) |
DASS-Depression (0–42) | −3.8 (−6.5 to −1.1)** | −4.1 (−6.9 to −1.3)** | −2.5 (−5.8 to 0.9) |
PCS (0–52) | −2.5 (−5.6 to 0.5) | −1.3 (−4.9 to 2.2) | −1.2 (−4.8 to 2.4) |
PSEQ (0–60) | 3.9 (−1.2 to 9.0) | 2.6 (−2.9 to 8.1) | 6.7 (1.3 to 12.0)* |
CSQ (−72 to 180) | 12.9 (0.8 to 25.0)* | 11.2 (−1.1 to 23.5) | 16.8 (4.8 to 28.8)** |
SF-36-PCS | −0.1 (−3.4 to 3.2) | −0.1 (−3.6 to 3.3) | 2.0 (−1.7 to 5.8) |
SF-36-MCS | 6.6 (2.1 to 11.2)** | 6.1 (1.8 to 10.4)** | 4.5 (0.2 to 8.7)* |
Average pain intensity in the last 24 hours (0–10) | −1.5 (−2.3 to −0.6)** | −1.0 (−1.8 to −0.1)* | −1.0 (−2.0 to −0.1)* |
Global recovery (−5 to +5) | 1.6 (0.7 to 2.4)* | 0.7 (−0.27 to 1.6) | 0.9 (−0.1 to 1.8) |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
Results have been adjusted for baseline values. Differences are calculated as SIT + exercise minus standard exercise; therefore, a negative difference favours the SIT + exercise group for NDI, PDS, DASS, PCS and pain intensity. A positive difference favours the SIT + exercise intervention for PSEQ, SF-36, CSQ and global recovery.
CSQ, Coping Strategies Questionnaire; DASS, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; NDI, Neck Disability Index; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PDS, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; SIT, stress inoculation training; SF-36, Short-Form 36.