Table 3

Summary of concussion rates (per 1000 player-hours) in professional soccer players by sex, setting and level of play

Study	Study years	Male			Female
Study	Study years	Training	Match	Overall	Training	Match	Overall
Domestic leagues
Jacobson and Tegner35	2000						0.10 (0.03 to 0.17)
Waldén et al 44 149	2001			0.05 (0.01 to 0.09)
Gaulrapp et al 33	n.s.						0.17 (0.08 to 0.26)
Hassabi et al 37	2005–2006			0.80 (0.00 to 1.91)
Ekstrand et al 32	2001–2008			0.06 (0.04 to 0.08)
Ekstrand et al 31	2003–2008 (grass)	0.07 (0 to 0.05)	0.74 (0.28 to 1.20)		0.15 (0.00 to 0.44)	0.99 (0.00 to 2.11)
	2003–2008 (turf)	0.02 (0 to 0.04)	0.52 (0.18 to 0.86)		0.09 (0.00 to 0.19)	0.89 (0.02 to 1.76)
Eirale et al 38	2008–2009			0.03 (0.001 to 0.2)
Waldén et al 150	2009–2010*			0.07 (0.05 to 0.09)
	2009–2010†			0.03 (0.01 to 0.07)
Nilsson et al 36	2001–2010	0.01 (0.00 to 0.01)‡	0.35 (0.26 to 0.47)	0.06 (0.04 to 0.08)
Beaudouin et al 130	2000–2006		0.67 (0.51 to 0.88)
	2007–2013		0.48 (0.34 to 0.66)
	2000–2013		0.56 (0.46 to 0.69)
Echemendia23	2014		1.97
	2015		2.41
	2016		3.12
Prien et al 39	2000–2016	0.01 (0 to 0.01)	0.44 (0.36 to 0.53)		0.13 (0.09 to 0.17)	1.76 (1.48 to 2.05)
Tournaments
Fuller et al 41	1998–2004		1.06 (0.54 to 1.58)			2.56 (1.11 to 4.01)
Yoon et al 46	2000			1.82 (0.0 to 3.88)
Junge et al 151	1998–2001		1.06 (0.02 to 2.10)
Junge et al 152	2002		1.89 (0.58 to 3.20)
Hägglund et al 43	2004–2005			0			0.55 (0.00 to 1.63)
Dvořák et al 153	2002		1.89 (0.04 to 3.74)
	2006		0.47 (0.00 to 1.39)
Junge and Dvořák154	1999–2006					2.09 (0.91 to 3.27)
Hägglund et al§34	2006–2008	0.0	1.07 (0.28 to 1.86)	0.32 (0.08 to 0.56)
Dvořák et al 155	2010	0.01 (0 to 0.02)	0.49 (0.00 to 1.45)
Akodu et al 45	2011		3.24 (0.00 to 9.59)
Junge and Dvořák40	1998–2012		1.30 (0.93 to 1.67)			2.10 (1.38 to 2.82)
Junge and Dvořák42	2014		0.77 (0.33 to 1.21)

Absence of CIs indicates that either CIs were not reported or that the data necessary to determine CIs were not reported.
*Data from teams based in Northern Europe.
†Data from teams based in Southern Europe.
‡Data rounded to maintain consistent format and alignment with the rest of the table. Actual data: 0.004 (95% CI 0.001 to 0.014).
§Data for men (nine tournaments) and women (three tournaments) not reported separately. Results are combined rates.155
n.s., years studied were not stated.