Table 1

Manifestations of different forms of child maltreatment in sport

Forms	Manifestations in sport
Physical maltreatment	Physical contact with a child athlete in the context of sport . To shake, push, catch or throw a child athlete. To strike an athlete with a hand. To punch or kick a child athlete. Hitting an athlete with a hard object. Choking, strangling, poisoning, burning or stabbing a child athlete.
Sexual maltreatment	Sexual relations with a child athlete in the context of sport. To penetrate an athlete orally, vaginally or anally, with the penis, finger or object.
	Attempt to have sex with a child athlete in the context of sport. To attempt to penetrate a child athlete orally, vaginally or anally, with the penis, finger or object.
	Caressing or sexually touching the body of a child athlete in the context of sport. Having oral sex with a child athlete (fellation, cunnilingus). Stroking a child athlete’s genitals (masturbation). Rubbing against the genitals of a child athlete. Stroking non-genital regions of a child athlete (breasts, buttocks).
	Exhibitionism in the context of sport involving a child athlete. Showing genitals to a child athlete or performing sexual acts in front of a child athlete (masturbating in front of a child athlete, having sex in front of a child athlete).
	Exploitation of a child athlete in the context of sport (incitement to prostitution or to the production of pornographic material). Filming erotic scenes with a child athlete or broadcasting sexual images of a child athlete (eg, sexting).
	Verbal sexual harassment of a young athlete. Having an oral or written sexual conversation with a child athlete or exposing them to sexual images (proposals, suggestions, in person, by phone, in writing and on the internet).
	Voyeurism in the sporting context involving a child athlete. Watching a child athlete undress, masturbate, touching themselves or touching someone else or asking them to do so.
Psychological maltreatment	To terrorise or threaten violence against a child athlete in the context of sport. Threaten to abandon a child athlete or to hurt them or to hurt someone or something he or she likes. Hitting or throwing objects close to a child athlete or threatening to do so.
	Verbal abuse and depreciation of a child athlete in the context of sport. To shout at, humiliate or ridicule a child athlete. To be extremely critical of a child athlete. Rejecting or excluding a child athlete.
	Isolation and confinement of a child athlete in the context of sport. Confining a child athlete or limiting his movements by tying him up or asking him to stay still. To unreasonably limit the social interactions of a child athlete (lovers, friends, family and so on).
	Insufficient support or affection to a child athlete in the context of sport. To voluntarily ignore the emotional needs of a child athlete. To be detached or indifferent towards a child athlete.
	Behaviours that promote the corruption, exploitation and adoption of destructive, antisocial or unhealthy behaviours of a child athlete in the context of sport. To force or oblige a child athlete to perform extremely intense workouts excessively until exhaustion or until they vomit. Forcing or asking a child athlete to train while injured even though they have received medical advice not to do so. Forcing or asking a child athlete to perform movements or techniques that are too difficult for his/her abilities, putting them at risk of injury. Forcing or asking a child athlete to engage in unhealthy eating behaviours to achieve the ideal weight in their sport. Forcing or asking a child athlete to consume doping products or to adopt doping methods to improve performance. Forcing or asking a child athlete to undertake inappropriate medical treatments. Forcing or asking a child athlete to commit acts of violence: hurting another athlete (punching, hitting with sports equipment and so on), humiliating or ridiculing another athlete, or threatening to hurt another athlete.
Neglect	Physical neglect.
	Failure to supervise a child athlete in the sporting context leading to physical injury. Allowing a child athlete to participate in a training or competition while injured, even though they have received medical advice not to do so. Knowing that a child athlete is engaging in problematic eating behaviours in order to achieve the ideal weight in his or her sport without intervening. Failure to ensure the safety of athletic equipment.
	Medical neglect of a child athlete in the context of sport (applies to the parent only). Refusing to provide a child athlete with the necessary medical care specific to his health problem that has been diagnosed by a professional and resulted from the practice of his sport.
	Emotional neglect.
	Permissive attitude towards the anti social or criminal behaviour of a child athlete. Letting a child athlete behave in a violent manner towards another athlete without intervening. Letting a child athlete endure violent acts from another athlete without intervening. Allowing an athlete to consume alcohol or drugs during activities related to the sport (eg, team party, competitions, tournaments). Letting a child athlete consume doping products or adopt doping methods without intervening.
	Failure to supervise a child athlete in the context of sport leading to physical, sexual or psychological abuse. Knowing that a child athlete has been physically, sexually or psychologically abused or neglected and doing nothing to protect him/her.
	Lack of providing treatment for psychological or psychiatric problems of a child athlete in the context of sport (applies to the parent only). Refusing to provide psychological care to a child athlete while the athlete clearly needs it.
	Abandonment of a child athlete in the context of sport. Abandoning a child athlete during a training assignment, a competition or during a trip.
	Educational neglect.
	Ask a child athlete to drop out of school or take a break from school in order to practise a sport.