Study | Population (n) | Outcome measure description | Specialised/single sport/high | Moderately specialised | Unspecialised/multisport/low | P value |
Beese et al 37 | Youth soccer (n=40) | Continuous LESS score | 6.8 (1.8) | 6.1 (1.9) | 0.15 | |
Buhrow et al 38 | Collegiate athletes (n=102) | Physical subscale mental toughness | 28.7 (3.4) | 29.1 (4.1) | 0.66 | |
Mental subscale mental toughness | 46.1 (6.9) | 47.8 (7.0) | 0.28 | |||
Emotional subscale mental toughness | 58.8 (7.5) | 59.3 (9.7) | 0.79 | |||
DiStefano et al 39 | Youth soccer and basketball (n=355) | OR neuromuscular control (LESS=good/poor) | REF | 2.5 (1.9, 3.1) | <0.01 | |
Total number of landing errors | 6.4 (1.7) | 6.1 (1.8) | 0.1 | |||
Agility time; basketball (s) | 12.0 (1.0) | 12.2 (1.2) | >0.05 | |||
Long jump distance; soccer only (cm) | 130 (21) | 139 (23) | <0.01 | |||
Fransen et al 40 | Youth athletes (n=735) | 6–8 years sit and reach test (cm) | 20.3 (5.4) | 19.2 (5.1) | >0.05 | |
6–8 years knee push-ups (n/30 s) | 19.9 (5.9) | 21.4 (6.2) | >0.05 | |||
6–8 years sit-ups (n/30 s) | 15.5 (7.0) | 15.2 (9.0) | >0.05 | |||
6–8 years handgrip strength (kg) | 14.4 (3.2) | 15.8 (3.9) | <0.05 | |||
6–8 years standing broad jump (cm) | 121.0 (68.5) | 124.1 (19.7) | >0.05 | |||
6–8 years shuttle run test (s) | 23.8 (1.9) | 23.6 (2.3) | >0.05 | |||
6–8 years endurance shuttle run test (min) | 4.9 (2.3) | 5.09 (2.2) | >0.05 | |||
6–8 years motor quotient (points) | 103.7 (14.2) | 104.9 (13.2) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years sit and reach test (cm) | 18.5 (5.4) | 19.4 (5.4) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years knee push-ups (n/30 s) | 25.3 (5.6) | 27.0 (6.0) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years sit-ups (n/30 s) | 21.1 (5.8) | 22.8 (6.8) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years handgrip strength (kg) | 18.5 (3.3) | 19.2 (3.3) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years standing broad jump (cm) | 137.7 (17.4) | 141.2 (17.5) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years shuttle run test (s) | 22.2 (1.7) | 21.9 (1.6) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years endurance shuttle run test (min) | 6.2 (2.2) | 6.7 (2.1) | >0.05 | |||
8–10 years motor quotient (points) | 100.9 (12.4) | 104.4 (13.3) | >0.05 | |||
10–12 years sit and reach test (cm) | 17.19 (5.5) | 17.36 (5.5) | >0.05 | |||
10–12 years knee push-ups (n/30 s) | 28.9 (6.6) | 30.6 (6.3) | <0.01 | |||
10–12 years sit-ups (n/30 s) | 24.8 (6.9) | 26.2 (8.0) | >0.05 | |||
10–12 years handgrip strength (kg) | 23.2 (4.3) | 23.9 (4.2) | >0.05 | |||
10–12 years standing broad jump (cm) | 152.5 (19.7) | 158.8 (16.4) | <0.01 | |||
10–12 years shuttle run test (s) | 21.3 (1.4) | 20.9 (1.3) | <0.01 | |||
10–12 years endurance shuttle run test (min) | 7.3 (2.6) | 7.9 (2.1) | <0.05 | |||
10–12 years motor quotient (points) | 101.8 (11.2) | 107.1 (12.2) | <0.01 | |||
Gorman et al 41 | HS athletes (n=184) | Composite reach score (%LL) | 97.1 (8.2) | 97.1 (8.4) | 0.98 | |
Anterior reach score (%LL) | 75.5 (7.1) | 76.4 (7.9) | 0.33 | |||
Posteromedial reach score (%LL) | 108.2 (10.3) | 109.1 (10.2) | 0.65 | |||
Posterolateral reach score (%LL) | 107.4 (11.4) | 105.8 (11.1) | 0.29 | |||
Anterior difference (cm) | 2.8 (2.2) | 3.6 (3.8) | 0.09 | |||
Posterior difference (cm) | 4.6 (4.4) | 4.3 (3.8) | 0.63 | |||
Posterolateral difference (cm) | 4.3 (4.3) | 5.0 (4.2) | 0.23 | |||
Miller et al 21 | HS athletes (n=295) | Anterior reach asymmetry MALES (cm) (single/multi) | 4.6 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.3) | <0.05 | |
Anterior reach asymmetry FEMALES (cm) (single/multi) | 2.8 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.2) | >0.05 | |||
Anterior reach distance MALES (%LL) (single/multi) | 63.6 (1.3) | >0.05 | ||||
Anterior reach distance FEMALES (%LL) (single/multi) | 67.0 (0.8) | >0.05 | ||||
Anterior reach asymmetry (cm) (Jayanthi 6-point) | 3.6 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.2) | 0.002 | |||
Anterior reach distance FEMALES (%LL) (Jayanthi 6-point) | 67.4 (0.6) | 66.8 (0.7) | >0.05 | |||
Anterior reach distance MALES (%LL) (Jayanthi 6-point) | 63.4 (0.8) | 61.8 (0.8) | >0.05 | |||
Anterior reach distance MALES (%LL) (Jayanthi 3-point) | 63.8 (1.0) | 62.3 (1.1) | 61.5 (1.0) | >0.05 | ||
Anterior reach distance FEMALES (%LL) (Jayanthi 3-point) | 68.1 (0.8) | 66.3 (0.9) | 66.7 (0.8) | >0.05 | ||
Anterior reach asymmetry (cm) (Jayanthi 3-point); cm | 3.1 (0.3) | 3.8 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.3) | 0.009 | ||
Peckham et al 20 | HS athletes (n=574) | Adjusted mean LESS score | 5.1 (2.0) | 5.3 (1.9) | 5.6 (2.1) | >0.05 |
HS, high school; LESS, Landing Error Scoring System.