Change in KOOS and IKDC between 1 and 5 years | ||||||
KOOS-Symptoms | KOOS-Pain | KOOS-Sport | KOOS-QoL | IKDC | ||
Single HFD | No. (%) | |||||
Raw score (cm)† | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.19) | −0.06 (−0.13 to 0.01) | −0.11 (−0.27 to 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.18 to 0.12) | −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) | |
Poor function (ref >90% LSI)‡ | 31 (38%) | 1.35 (−5.70 to 8.41) | −2.57 (−6.08 to 0.94) | −1.68 (−9.04 to 5.67) | −1.81 (−9.01 to 5.41) | −1.27 (−6.07 to 3.52) |
Triple-crossover HFD | ||||||
Raw score (cm)† | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | |
Poor function (ref >90% LSI)‡ | 26 (32%) | 2.56 (−4.30 to 9.42) | −3.14 (−6.65 to 0.37) | −3.14 (−6.65 to 0.37) | −3.40 (−10.27 to 3.46) | 0.38 (−4.17 to 4.94) |
Side-hop | ||||||
Raw score (repetitions)† | 0.22 (−0.08 to 0.52) | 0.06 (−0.22 to 0.10) | −0.07 (−0.40 to 0.27) | 0.08 (−0.24 to 0.40) | 0.07 (−0.15 to 0.28) | |
Poor function (ref >90% LSI)‡ | 52 (64%) | 5.50 (−1.23 to 12.24) | 2.97 (−0.43 to 6.37) | 2.96 (−0.44 to 6.37) | 8.08 (1.56 to 14.61) | 1.27 (−3.08 to 5.63) |
One-leg rise | ||||||
Raw score (repetitions)† | −0.08 (−0.11 to 0.26) | 0.00 (−0.10 to 0.10) | −0.04 (−0.25 to 0.18) | 0.09 (−0.10 to 0.29) | 0.09 (−0.04 to 0.22) | |
Poor function (ref >90% LSI)‡ | 36 (47%)§ | 2.92 (−3.72 to 9.58) | 0.45 (−3.07 to 3.97) | 0.45 (−3.08 to 3.97) | 6.19 (−0.75 to 13.15) | 3.79 (−0.62 to 8.21) |
Functional battery‡ (ref ≥90% LSI ≥any 1 test) | ||||||
Poor function all four tests§ | 10 (13%) | −2.78 (−12.44 to 6.88) | −3.00 (−7.80 to 1.79) | 0.30 (−11.23 to 11.83) | 0.47 (−9.66 to 10.61) | −0.05 (−6.64 to 6.54) |
Bold values indicate a statistically significant association (p<0.05).
*Values are beta-coefficient (95% CIs). Analysis performed in n=81 completed functional assessment at 1 year, KOOS and IKDC at 1 and 5 years. n=76 for the one-leg rise and battery LSI% as five participants were not included, as they could not perform a valid one-leg rise on both ACLR and contralateral limb.
†The beta-coefficient represents the adjusted difference in KOOS or IKDC change score per unit decrease in the continuous exposure variables. (ie, cm or number of side-hop repetitions, ACLR limb).
‡The beta-coefficient represents the adjusted difference in KOOS or IKDC in the presence of the dichotomous exposure variables (ie, poor function defined as <90% LSI), eg, those with <90% LSI had on average 8.08 points greater improvement on the KOOS-QoL than those with >90%.
§Poor functional performance was defined as <90% LSI.
ACLR, ACL reconstruction; HFD, hop for distance; IKDC, International Knee Documentation Committee; KOOS, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; LSI, limb symmetry index; QoL, quality of life.