Table 2

Measurement of physical activity (PA)/sedentary behaviours (SB) and relations to colorectal neoplasia (CN) in selected studies

StudyMeasurement instrument of PA/SBDomains of PA/SBCategory of PA/SBRelationship between PA/SB (highest versus lowest) and CNDose–response effect
Physical activity (n=32)
Blanks et al 201539 QsREC<1 versus≥1 times/weekCN (+)/
Boutron-Ruault et al 200152 QsOA, REC, OCCLow versus median versus high PAACN (−), NAA (−)ACN (+),46 NAA (−)
Botteri et al 201638 QsOALow and moderate versus HighACN (−)/
Brenner et al 201836 Qs (IPAQ)*RECMVPA: 0 versus 0–1 versus 1–3 versus >3 hours/week;
WHO, AICR/WCRF guideline: no versus yes		ACN (−)ACN (−)
Burnett-Hartman et al 201353 InterviewREC0 versus 0–1 versus 1–2 versus 2–6 versus ≥6 hours/weekCN (+), ACN (+), NAA (−)Not reported
Cao et al 201554 Qs*RECLow versus moderate versus highACN (+)ACN (−)
Cao# et al 201572 Qs*RECLowest versus highest quintile in MET-hours/weekCN (+), ACN (+), NAA (−)/
Carr et al 201755 QsOA<48.2 versus 48.2–91.0 versus 91.0–150.4 versus >150.4 MET-hours/weekCN (+)Not reported
Chia et al 200756 QsREC0–17.4(M)/11.4(F) versus>17.4(M)/11.4(F) MET-hours/weekCN: M, F (−)/
Enger et al 199735 InterviewRECVPA: <3 versus ≥3 times/weekCN (−)/
  RECVPA: 0 versus 1–13 versus ≥14 MET-hours/weekCN (−)CN (−)
  REC1–4 quartiles in MET-hours/dayCN (−)CN (−)
Frantz et al 201357 Qs (IPAQ) *OA1–3 tertile in MET-min/weekCN (+)Not reported
Giovannucci et al 199558 Qs*REC1–5 quintiles in MET-hours/weekCN: D, R (−)CN: D, R (−)
Giovannucci et al 199659 Qs*REC0–1 versus 2–4 versus 5–9 versus10–18 versus19 MET-hours/weekCN: D (+), R (−)CN: D (+), R (−)
Hauret et al 200460 Qs (PPAQ)*OA0–17.1 versus 17.2–28.3 versus 28.4–40 versus >40 MET-hours/dayCN (−)CN (−)
Hermann et al 200961 Qs (PA index)*OAInactive versus moderately inactive versus moderately active versus activeCN (−); CN: P, D, R (−);
CN: M, F (−)		CN (−); CN: P, D, R (−);
CN: M, F (−)
Jung et al 201540 QsOA<1 versus ≥1 times/weekCN (−), ACN (−)/
Karaginni et al 201062 Qs *OAInactive versus moderately active and activeACN (+)/
Kato et al 199045 QsREC<1 versus ≥1–2 times/weekCN: P (−); D, R (+)/
 QsOCCLow and moderate versus HighCN: P, D (+); R (−)/
Kim et al 201163 QsRECNever versus irregular versus regular (≥1 times/week)CN: D (−)Not reported
Knudsen et al 201664 QsOA30 min PA: light (<7) versus moderate and high (≥7 times)ACN (−)/
Kono et al 199965 QsREC<4 versus 4–14 versus15–36 versus >36 MET-hours/weekCN (−) (colon)CN (−) (colon)
 QsREC≤ 30th versus 31–60th versus 61–90th versus >90th MET-hours/weekCN (−) (colon); P (+), D (−)Not reported
Larsen et al 200666 QsRECPA score: 2–4 versus 5 versus 6 versus 7–12ACN (−), NAA (−)ACN (−), NAA (−)
Liberman et al 200341 Qs (Framingham index)*OAPA index: 24–28 versus 29–36 versus >36ACN (+)Not reported
 QsOA<7 versus 7–24 versus 25–48 versus 49–94 versus >94 MET-hours/weekACN (−)ACN (−)
Little et al 199367 QsOA0 versus 1 versus >1–2 versus 2 times/weekCN (−)CN (−)
Lubin et al 199768 InterviewOAMVPA: <4.0 versus 4.0–5.5 versus >5.5 hours/dayCN (+)CN (+)
Massa et al 201469 QsOA<14.5 versus ≥14.5 MET-hours/weekCN (+)/
Morimoto et al 200242 QsOA<12.3 versus 12.3–24.7 versus 24.8–46.9 versus ≥47.0 MET-hours/weekCN: M, F (−)CN: M, F (−)
Sanchez et al 201270 QsREC<1 versus ≥1 hours/weekCN (+)/
Shinchi et al 199437 QsREC0 versus 1–3 versus 4–5 versus 7 times/weekCN (−) (sigmoid)Not reported
Song et al 201344 Qs*REC12.05 versus 12.06–31.25 versus >31.25 MET-hours/weekCN (+), ACN (+), NAA (+);
CN: P (−); D (+); R (−);		CN (+); ACN (+); NAA (+);
CN: P (−); D (+); R (−);
 Qs*OCCActive versus sedentaryCN (−), ACN (−), NAA (−);
CN: P (−); D (−); R (−);		/
Waldmann et al 201643 QsRECNone versus occasional versus regularCN: M, F (+); ACN: M, F (+)CN: M, F (+); ACN: M, F (+)
Yang et al 201771 QsRECNo exercise versus exerciseACN (−)/
Sedentary behaviour (n=3)
 Brenner et al 201836 Qs (IPAQ)*OA0–14 versus 14–35 versus 35–70 versus >70 hours/weekACN (−)ACN (−)
 Cao et al 201554 QsRECWatching TV: <0.5 versus 0.5–2 versus >2 hours/dayACN (−)ACN (+)
 Cao* et al l201572 QsREC, COMSitting while watching TV: 0–6 versus 7–13 versus14–20 versus ≥21 hours/weekCN (−); CN: P, D, R (−)CN (+); CN: P (+), D (−), R (+)
   Sitting at work driving: 0–6 versus 7–13 versus14–20 versus ≥21 hours/weekCN (−)CN (−)
   Other sitting at home: 0–6 versus 7–13 versus14–20 versus ≥21 hours/weekCN (−)CN (+)
   Watching TV: <6 versus 7–13 versus14–20 versus ≥21 hours/weekACN (−), NAA (−)ACN (+), NAA (−)

  • *Validated questionnaire; domain of physical activity/sedentary behaviour.

  • /, not applicable; (−), non-significant association; (+), significant association; dose–response effect; ACN, advanced colorectal neoplasia; AICR/WCR, American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund; COM, commute type; category of PA/SB; CPA, Cambridge Physical Activity Index; D, distal colon; F, females; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; M, males; MET, metabolic equivalent; relation of PA/SB to CN; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; NAA, non-advanced adenoma; OA, overall physical activity/sedentary behaviour; OCC, occupational physical activity/sedentary behaviour; P, proximal colon; PPAQ, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire; Qs, questionnaire; R, rectum; REC, recreational PA/SB; VPA, vigorous physical activity.