Table 1

Study and patient characteristics

Study	Country	Study design	Follow-up	Quality	Time, injury to surgery	n		Mean age (SD) at follow-up, years		Sex (m/f)
Study	Country	Study design	(years)	(0–28)	Time, injury to surgery	S	NS	S	NS	S	NS
Kessler et al 7	Switzerland	Retrospective	11	14	N/A	60	49	30.7 (12.5–54)*†		68/41†
Neuman et al 27	Sweden	Prospective	15	18	4 years‡	22	78	42 (7)†		14/8	44/34
Streich et al 8	Germany	Retrospective	15	18	7.3 months‡	40	40	26.0 (6.4)*	24.0 (6.5)*	28/12	28/12
Tsoukas et al 28	Greece	Prospective randomised	10	16	6 weeks‡	17	15	31 (20–36)‡	33 (25–39)‡	17/0	17/0
van Yperen et al 29	The Netherlands	Retrospective	20	18	6 months	25	25	45.8 (6.4)	49.3 (6.8)	19/6	19/6

Quality is measured by Downs and Black checklist.
*Reported at injury.
†Reported for combined participants in the study.
‡Range.
f, female; m, male; N/A, not available; NS, non-surgical group;S, surgical group.