Characterisation of the HCM athlete population at the study entry
| Overall HCM population (n=88) | HCM-detrained (n=61) | HCM-trained (n=27) | P value* | USMD (95% CI) | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 31 (19–44) | 28 (20–41) | 32 (17–49) | 0.219 | −0.14 (−0.59 to 0.31) |
| BSA (m2) | 1.90±0.2 | 1.91±0.2 | 1.93±0.18 | 0.711 | −0.07 (−0.53 to 0.38) |
| Male gender (n, %) | 81 (92) | 56 (92) | 25 (93) | 0.900 | −0.05 (−0.51 to 0.4) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 123±14 | 123±14 | 125±15 | 0.595 | −0.10 (−0.55 to 0.36) |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 75±9 | 76±9 | 73±10 | 0.211 | 0.22 (−0.23 to 0.68) |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 63.8±11 | 63.4±10 | 64.9±13.3 | 0.560 | −0.09 (−0.54 to 0.36) |
| Positive family history (n, %) | 28 (32) | 18 (30) | 10 (37) | 0.484 | −0.15 (−0.6 to 0.3) |
| Clinical presentation | |||||
| Asymptomatic, n (%) | 67 (76) | 46 (75) | 21 (78) | 0.806 | −0.09 (−0.55 to 0.36) |
| Palpitation, n (%) | 7 (8) | 6 (10) | 1 (4) | 0.327 | 0.12 (−0.33 to 0.57) |
| Chest pain, n (%) | 3 (3) | 2 (3) | 1 (4) | 0.570 | −0.02 (−0.47 to 0.43) |
| Dyspnoea, n (%) | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | 1 (4) | 0.559 | −0.04 (−0.49 to 0.41) |
| Syncope, n (%) | 9 (10) | 5 (8) | 4 (15) | 0.345 | −0.14 (−0.59 to 0.31) |
| NYHA I–II, n (%) | 88 (100) | 61 (100) | 27 (100) | 1.000 | 0.00 (−0.45 to 0.45) |
| 12-lead ECG† | |||||
| Negative T-wave, n (%) | 74 (84) | 50 (82) | 24 (89) | 0.777 | −0.27 (−0.73 to 0.18) |
| ST-segment depression, n (%) | 28 (32) | 19 (31) | 9 (33) | 0.839 | −0.04 (−0.5 to 0.41) |
| LVH (by Sokolow), n (%) | 47 (53) | 34 (56) | 13 (48) | 0.568 | 0.19 (−0.27 to 0.64) |
| Left axis deviation, n (%) | 15 (17) | 12 (20) | 3 (11) | 0.310 | 0.18 (−0.27 to 0.64) |
| Left atrial enlargement, n (%) | 15 (17) | 14 (23) | 1 (4) | 0.025 | 0.38 (−0.07 to 0.84) |
| Pathological Q-wave, n (%) | 19 (22) | 14 (23) | 5 (19) | 0.641 | 0.08 (−0.37 to 0.54) |
| 24 hours ECG monitoring‡ | |||||
| Frequent or polymorphic VEBs, n (%) | 7 (8) | 6 (12) | 1 (5) | 0.662 | 0.14 (−0.31 to 0.59) |
| NSVT, n (%) | 12 (16) | 9 (18) | 3 (14) | 0.749 | 0.08 (−0.37 to 0.53) |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| Max LV WT (mm) | 17.2±3.8 | 17.3±4.2 | 17.0±4.4 | 0.808 | 0.05 (−0.4 to 0.5) |
| LV cavity (mm) | 47.7±3.7 | 47.3±3.9 | 47.5±3.5 | 0.175 | −0.04 (−0.49 to 0.41) |
| Left atrium (mm) | 39.3±4.5 | 39.5±4.7 | 39.0±4.3 | 0.681 | 0.08 (−0.37 to 0.53) |
| Doppler E/A ratio | 1.40±0.5 | 1.46±0.5 | 1.44±0.5 | 0.901 | 0.03 (−0.42 to 0.48) |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 65±4.5 | 65±4.6 | 65±4.6 | 0.684 | 0.00 (−0.45 to 0.45) |
| Cardiac magnetic resonance§ | |||||
| LGE, n (%) | 30 (42) | 24 (39) | 6 (22) | 0.272 | 0.36 (−0.1 to 0.81) |
| Risk profile | |||||
| ESC score | 2.2 (1.7–3) | 2.2 (1.7–3) | 2.2 (2–3) | 0.438 | 0.00 (−0.45 to 0.45) |
*Comparison between HCM-detrained and HCM-trained patients (p<0.05 was considered significant).
†Recorded in 88.
‡Recorded in 72.
§Performed in 71.
BP, blood pressure; BSA, body surface area; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LV, left ventricular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; NSVT, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; NYHA, New York Heart Association; USMD, unstandardisedmean difference; VEB, ventricular ectopic beat.