Grading of evidence for non-pharmacological interventions to manage jet lag in athletes
| A. Randomised controlled trials | ||||||||||
| Category | Number of studies | Total participants (intervention group) | Actual (A) or simulated (S) travel | Athlete specific | Risk of bias | Consistency | Directness | Precision | Publication bias | Total GRADE rating |
| Exercise | 2 | 35 (18) | High | * | † | ‡ | *§ | Very low + serious RoB downgraded one level from low | ||
| Barger, et al
31
Yamanaka, et al 32 | 18 (9) 17 (9) | S S | Yes Yes | Clinical homogeneity, methodological heterogeneity | (The evidence answers the review question) | (Small sample sizes, no effect sizes reported, randomisation process unclear) | ||||
| Sleep | 3 | 48 (40) | High | */‡ | † | ‡ | *§ | Low ++ serious RoB downgraded one level from moderate | ||
| Petit, et al
33 (2014) Petit, et al 34 (2018) Straub, et al 35 | 16 (16) 16 (16) 16 (8) | S S A | Yes Yes Yes | Only two of three studies used same methodology and intervention | (The evidence answers the review question) | (Small sample sizes, no effect sizes reported) | ||||
| Light | 1 | 22 (11) | Moderate | ‡ | † | */‡ | *§ | Low ++ | ||
| Thompson, et al 36 | A | Yes | Participants females only | (The evidence answers the review question) | (Effect size reported, small sample size) | |||||
| Nutrition (meal timing/ composition) | 1 | 61 (31) | High | ‡ | † | ‡ | ‡ | Very low + | ||
| Ruscitto and Ogden38 | A | No | Many confounders, many limitations | (The evidence answers the review question) | (Low response rate, self-reported) | |||||
| TOTAL | 7 | 166 (100) | ||||||||
*Some problems.
†No serious problems.
‡Major problems.
§All athlete specific studies have small sample sizes that may lead to publication bias.