| B. Non-Randomised controlled trials | ||||||||||
| Category | Number of studies | Total participants (intervention group) | Actual (A) or simulated (S) travel | Athlete specific | Methodological quality | Consistency | Directness | Precision | Publication bias | Total GRADE rating |
| Exercise | 2 | 40 (34) | Poor | */‡ | † | ‡ | *§ | Very low + | ||
| Montaruli, et al
29
Cardinali, et al 30 | 18 (12) 22 (22) | A A | Yes Yes | 10/28 10/28 | One study no control group, clinical heterogeneity, methodological heterogeneity | (The evidence answers the review question) | (Small sample sizes, no effect sizes reported) | |||
| Sleep | 0 | |||||||||
| Light | 1 | 22 (22) | Poor | ‡ | † | */‡ | *§ | Very low + | ||
| Cardinali, et al 30 | A | Yes | 10/28 | Participants males only, multi factorial interventions | (The evidence answers the review question) | (Small sample sizes, no effect sizes reported) | ||||
| Nutrition (meal timing/ composition) | 1 | 372 (134) | Poor | ‡ | † | ‡ | ‡ | Very low + | ||
| Reynolds and Montgomery37 | 186×2 (95+39) | A | No | 10/28 | Participants could choose | (The evidence answers the review question) | (No effect sizes, changing sample size) | |||
| TOTAL | 4 | 434 (190) | ||||||||
*Some problems.
†No serious problems
‡Major problems
§All athlete-specific studies have small sample sizes that may lead to publication bias.
GRADE, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation; non-RCTs, non-randomised control trials; RoB, risk of bias.