Adverse event* | Heel lifts group (n=50)† | Eccentric exercise group (n=50)† | RR‡ | P value | ARI (%) | NNT-H‡ |
Developed new pain | 23 (46) | 22 (44) | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.61) | 0.841 | 2.0 (−16.9 to 20.7) | 50 (−6 to 5) |
Upper body | 0 (0) | 3 (6) | UTD | UTD | −6.0 (−16.2 to 2.2) | −17 (−6 to 47) |
Lower back | 6 (12) | 3 (6) | 2.00 (0.53 to 7.56) | 0.307 | 6.0 (−6.1 to 18.4) | 17 (−17 to 5) |
Hip | 3 (6) | 2 (4) | 1.50 (0.26 to 8.60) | 0.649 | 2.0 (−8.3 to 12.6) | 50 (−12 to 8) |
Knee | 6 (12) | 7 (14) | 0.86 (0.31 to 2.37) | 0.767 | −2.0 (−15.8 to 11.8) | −50 (−6 to 9) |
Lower leg | 8 (16) | 9 (18) | 0.89 (0.37 to 2.11) | 0.790 | −2.0 (−16.9 to 13.0) | −50 (−6 to 8) |
Foot or ankle§ | 7 (14) | 9 (18) | 0.78 (0.31 to 1.93) | 0.587 | −4.0 (−18.6 to 10.7) | −25 (−5 to 9) |
Blister/skin condition | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | 2.00 (0.19 to 21.36) | 0.566 | 2.0 (−7.0 to 11.6) | 50 (−14 to 9) |
Some participants reported more than one adverse event. The heel lifts group was considered the experimental group for all calculations.
*Values are the number of participantswho reported at least one adverse event.
†Values are expressed as n (%) for each group.
‡Values in parentheses represent the 95% CI.
§Excludes skin conditions.
ARI, absolute risk increase; NNT-H, number needed to harm; RR, relative risk; ; UTD, unable to determine.