Effect of gender affirming hormones on athletic performance among transwomen
| Push-ups in 1 min | Mean (95% CI) | Mean difference transwomen vs CW (95% CI) | Mean difference transwomen vs CM (95% CI) |
| Time on hormones | |||
| Pretreatment | 47.3 (44.6 to 50.0) | 14.8 (12.1 to 17.4) | −6.2 (−8.9 to −3.6) |
| 0–1 years | 44.6 (41.8 to 47.4) | 12.1 (9.3 to 14.8) | −8.9 (−11.7 to −6.1) |
| 1–2 years | 43.2 (39.3 to 47.1) | 10.7 (6.8 to 14.5) | −10.3 (−14.2 to −6.5) |
| 2–2.5 years | 34.6 (26.1 to 43.1) | 2.1 (−6.4 to 10.5) | −18.9 (−27.3 to −10.5) |
| β (95% CI) | |||
| Change in push-ups per month on hormones* | −0.38 (−0.63 to −0.13) | ||
| Sit-ups in 1 min | Mean (95% CI) | ||
| Time on hormones | |||
| Pretreatment | 53.5 (51.3 to 55.7) | 7.9 (5.7 to 10.0) | 1.1 (−1.7 to 3.2) |
| 0–1 years | 54.1 (51.9 to 56.3) | 8.5 (6.3 to 10.7) | 1.7 (−0.5 to 3.9) |
| 1–2 years | 51.8 (48.6 to 55.0) | 6.2 (3.0 to 9.3) | −0.6 (−3.8 to 2.5) |
| 2–2.5 years | 44.8 (37.1 to 52.4) | −0.9 (−8.4 to 6.7) | −7.7 (−15.2 to −0.1) |
| β (95% CI) | |||
| Change in sit-ups per month on hormones* | −0.37 (−0.58 to −0.15) | ||
| 1.5 mile run time (s) | Mean (95% CI) | ||
| Time on hormones | |||
| Pretreatment | 708 (681 to 734) | −147 (−173 to −121) | −12 (−38 to 14) |
| 0–1 years | 758 (731 to 786) | −97 (−124 to −70) | 39 (12 to 65) |
| 1–2 years | 791 (753 to 829) | −64 (−101 to −26) | 72 (34 to 109) |
| 2–2.5 years | 765 (685 to 846) | −90 (−169 to −10) | 45 (−34 to 125) |
| β (95% CI) | |||
| Change in run time per month on hormones* | 2.9 (0.5 to 5.3) |
All analyses adjusted for variation in the number of measurements per research participant.
CW, average performance on Air Force physical fitness tests by females <30 years old conducted between 2004 and 2014.22
CM, average performance on Air Force physical fitness tests by males <30 years old conducted between 2004 and 2014.22
*Adjusted for pretreatment measurements and age when started gender affirming hormones.