Table 2

Administration studies of GCs reviewed to establish the compound-specific reporting levels and washout periods^†

Ref.	Glucocorticoid	Administration protocol				MF	Results in urine samples
	Reference	GC	Route	Dose, administration	Volunteers		Marker	Cmean±sd (ng/ml)	Cmax (ng/ml)	Detection time
	Budesonide (BUD)
2	Matabosch et al 2	BUD	Inhaled	400 ug × 3 days	8 M	F+G	6β-OHBUD	3.0±2.1	10.6	none
3	Coll et al 3	BUD	Inhaled	800 ug × 3 days	4 M + 4 F	F+G	6β-OHBUD	5.8±6.5	35.4	none
3	Coll et al 3	BUD	Inhaled	1600 ug × 3 days	4 M	F+G	6β-OHBUD	9.0±8.7	31.0	none
3	Coll et al 3	BUD	Intranasal	256 ug × 3 days	4 M + 4 F	F+G	6β-OHBUD	1.3±1.9	7.1	none
2.3	Matabosch et al; Coll et al 2 3	BUD	Oral	3 mg	10 M + 8 F	F+G	6β-OHBUD			24 hours
4	Athanasiadou et al 4	BUD	Oral	9 mg (different hydration protocols)	7 M × 3	F+G	6β-OHBUD			48 hours
	Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and hexacetonide (THA)
5.6	Matabosch et al; Coll et al 5 6	TA	Intranasal	220 ug × 3 days	8 M + 6 F	F+G	TA	0.8±0.9	3.6	none
11	Avois et al	TA	Intranasal	220 ug	5	F+G	TA	na*	7.0	none
11	Avois et al	TA	Intranasal	220 ug × 5 days	6	F+G	TA	na	7.0	none
5	Matabosch et al 5	TA	Dermatological	10 mg × 5 days	8 M	F+G	TA	0.4±0.4	1.8	none
12	Wicka et al 12	TA	Dermatological	4.4 mg once a day × 3 days + 4.4 mg twice a day × 3 days	4 M	F+G	TA	na	0.8	none
5	Matabosch et al 5	TA	Intramuscular	20 mg	10 M	F+G	TA			8 days
6	Coll et al 6	TA	Intramuscular	40 mg	4 M + 4 F	F+G	TA			11 days
6	Coll et al 6	TA	Intramuscular	80 mg	4 M	F+G	TA			23 days **
11	Avois et al	TA	Intramuscular	80 mg	6	F+G	TA			28 days ***
7	Coll et al 6	THA	Intra-articular	40 mg	4 M + 4 F	F+G	TA			8 days
13	Ventura et al13	TA	Intra-articular	40–80 mg	1 M + 3 F	F+G	TA			3 days
1.11	Avois and Saugy; Avois et al	TA	Intra-articular	40 mg	6	F+G	TA			4 days
13	Ventura et al 13	TA	Periarticular	40–80 mg	4 F	F+G	TA			8 days
	Triamcinolone (T)
18	Chen et al 18	T	Oral	4 mg	4 M+8 F	F+G	T			>24 hours
1	Avois and Saugy	T	Oral	16 mg	6	F+G	T			48 hours
1	Avois and Saugy	T	Oral	16+16, 16+8, 16+0, 8+0, 8+0 (mg)	6	F+G	T			48 hours ****
	Betamethasone (BET)
14	Bakkene et al 14	BET	Dermatological	3 mg	8	F	BET	na	1.3	none
15	Coll et al 15	BET	Dermatological	10 mg once a day × 5 days	6 M	F+G	BET	1.0±1.4	6.6	none
15	Coll et al 15	BET	Intranasal	320 ug × 3 days	4 M+4 F	F+G	BET	11.6±6.7	32.0	none
15	Coll et al 15	BET	Oral	0.5 mg	8 M	F+G	BET			36 hours
1	Avois and Saugy	BET	Oral	2 mg	6	F+G	BET			40 hours
1	Avois and Saugy	BET	Oral	2+2+2, 2+2+1, 2+2+0, 2+0+0, 1+0+0 (mg)	5	F+G	BET			48 hours ****
14	Bakkene et al 14	BET	Intramuscular	5.7 mg	8	F	BET			48 hours
15	Coll et al 15	BET	Intramuscular	6 mg	6 M	F+G	BET			72 hours
1	Avois and Saugy	BET	Intramuscular	7 mg	6	F+G	BET			50 hours
15	Coll et al 15	BET	Intramuscular	12 mg	4 M+4F	F+G	BET			96 hours
13	Ventura et al 13	BET	Intra-articular	3–12 mg	10 F	F+G	BET			48 hours
1	Avois and Saugy	BET	Intra-articular	7 mg	3	F+G	BET			45 hours
13	Ventura et al 13	BET	Periarticular	6–12 mg	3 M+11 F	F+G	BET			72 hours
	Dexamethasone (DEX)
1	Avois and Saugy	DEX	Intramuscular	7 mg	6	F+G	DEX			57 hours
	Prednisolone (PRED) and prednisone (PSONE)
8	Mazzarino et al 8	PRED	Intranasal	2 mg (two sprays three times a day)	1 M+1 F	F+G	PRED, PSONE	na	40, 120	none, none
14	Bakkene et al 14	PRED	Intraocular	0.9 mg	8	F	PRED *****	na	19, na	none, na
8	Mazzarino et al 8	PRED	Intraocular	1 mg (four drops twice per day)	1 M+1 F	F+G	PRED, PSONE	na	50, 45	none, none
17	Coll et al 17	PRED	Dermatological	5 mg × 5 days	6 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE	3.5±3.5; 3.7±3.9	12,1; 18, 0	none, none
8	Mazzarino et al 8	PSONE	Oral	1 mg	2 F	F+G	PRED, PSONE			12 hours, 12 hours
8	Mazzarino et al 8	PRED	Oral	5 mg	2 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			24 hours, 12 hours
17	Coll et al 17	PRED	Oral	5 mg	6 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			8 hours, 8 hours
8	Mazzarino et al 8	PSONE	Oral	5 mg	2 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			24 hours, 12 hours
17	Coll et al 17	PSONE	Oral	5 mg	2 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			8 hours, 8 hours
14	Bakkene et al 14	PRED	Oral	10 mg	8	F	PRED *****			24 hours, na
17	Coll et al 17	PRED	Oral	10 mg	2 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			24 hours, 24 hours
9	Ahí et al 9	PRED	Oral	20 mg	1 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			9 hours, none
17	Coll et al 17	PSONE	Oral	30 mg	2 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			8 hours, 24 hours
9	Ahí et al 9	PRED	Oral	40 mg	1 M	F+G	PRED, PSONE			14 hours, 20 hours
1	Avois and Saugy1	PRED	Intramuscular	25 mg	6	F+G	PRED, PSONE			10 days, 7 days
	Methylprednisolone (MP)
10	Matabosch et al 10	MP	Dermatological	10 mg × 5 days	2 M	F+G	MP	0.5±0.3	2.0	none
10	Matabosch et al 10	MP	Oral	4 mg	2 M	F+G	MP			12 hours
16	Simoes et al	MP	Oral	4 mg	1 M	F+G	MP			10 hours
10	Matabosch et al 10	MP	Oral	40 mg	2 M	F+G	MP			24 hours
1	Avois and Saugy	MP	Intra-articular	80 mg	4	F+G	MP			48 hours

*, data not available.
**, last sample collected at 23 days.
***, concentrations between 10 and 15 ng/ml up to 56 days.
****, after the last dose.
*****, only concentrations of PRED reported.
F, female; F, free fraction; G, glucurono conjugated fraction; GC, glucocorticoid; M, male; MF, metabolic fraction; 6β-OHBUD, 6β-hydroxy-budesonide.