SDH | Number of studies reporting SDH | Number of strong/moderate strength of association | Limited/conflicting/no strength of association | Description of SDH more likely to use PT |
Gender | 24 | 16 | 8 | Moderate to strong association for females |
Race/ethnicity | 23 | 13 | 10 | Moderate to strong association for White and/or non-Hispanic in the USA. |
Education | 14 | 9 | 5 | Moderate to strong association for higher educational attainment |
Employment | 3 | 2 | 1 | Moderate to strong association for those employed in Germany |
Environment | 18 | 12 | 6 | Moderate to strong association for Urban areas internationally or the Northeast region of USA |
Early years’ experience | 0 | 0 | 0 | Insufficient association |
Socioeconomic Status | 13 | 11 | 2 | Moderate to strong association for increasing SES |
Insurance | 14 | 8 | 6 | Moderate to strong association for those with insurance, particularly private insurance |
Transportation | 3 | 2 | 1 | Inconclusive association |
SDH, social determinants of health.