Risk of bias |
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Inconsistency | Large heterogeneity based on the similarity of point estimates, statistical heterogeneity and I2 ≥50%. |
Imprecision |
Large CIs when data are presented as standardised mean difference. Substantial heterogeneity (I2 ≥50%) If a recommendation or clinical course of action would differ if the upper versus the lower boundary of the CI represented the truth. Sample size <400 within the meta-analysis for each variable.
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Indirectness | Use of surrogate outcomes |
Publication bias | Asymmetric funnel plot |