Summary of key study variables, athlete characteristics and prevalence statistics
| Athlete breakdown (%)* | Lower airway dysfunction (%) | |
| Standard | ||
| Elite | 21.0 | 28.2 |
| Recreational | 33.9 | 16.7 |
| Olympian | 45.1 | 16.1 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 60.9 | 11.5 |
| Female | 39.1 | 15.5 |
| Diagnostic method | ||
| Bronchial provocation | 13.7 | 23.2 |
| Physician diagnosed | 38.8 | 16.8 |
| Questionnaire | 12.3 | 14.9 |
| Combined | 35.2 | 25.8 |
| Type of bronchial provocation | ||
| Direct challenge | 14.2 | 32.8 |
| Indirect challenge | 85.8 | 22.3 |
| Direct challenge | ||
| Methacholine | 64.0 | 32.8 |
| Histamine | 36.0 | |
| Indirect challenge | ||
| Exercise | 54.9 | 16.8 |
| EVH | 41.8 | 29.2 |
| Inhaled mannitol | 3.3 | 25.0 |
| Sporting discipline | ||
| Endurance | 96.8 | 25.1 |
| Power | 3.2 | 18.7 |
| Aquatic | 5.5 | 39.9 |
| Non-aquatic | 94.5 | 20.7 |
| Team | 7.7 | 17.3 |
| Individual | 92.3 | 27.5 |
| Season | ||
| Summer | 70.1 | 19.6 |
| Winter | 29.9 | 29.5 |
| Studies (n) | Studies (%) | |
| Geographical location | ||
| Europe | 36 | 56.3 |
| North America | 16 | 25.0 |
| South America | 1 | 1.6 |
| Africa | 2 | 3.1 |
| Asia | 3 | 4.7 |
| Australasia | 2 | 3.1 |
| Global | 4 | 6.3 |
*Percentage breakdown presented according to available data reported in studies.
EVH, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea.