Characteristics of the six studies that included training/race-related injury outcomes
| Author(s) and publication year | Study design | Data collection | Setting | Number of participants (n) | Age (years) | Sex | BMI (kg/m2) | Quality and LoE |
| Babi et al (2018)21 | Retrospective cross-sectional | Questionnaire examining five psychological dimensions. Data collected at a race. Retrospectively inquired on an injury during the past 3 years | Spain: Cros de Muntanya Can Caralleu (7.5 km and 15 km); Borredà-Xtrail (11 km, 28 km and 44 km); Zurich Marató de Barcelona (42 km) | 237 (Includes 45 from a non-trail race) | 38.4±8.4 (17–60) | Men: n=183 (77.2%) Women: n=54 (22.8%) | N/A | Quality 8/15 LoE 2b |
| Malliaropoulos et al (2015)8 | Cross-sectional | Self-reported injury questionnaire completed with the help of a physiotherapist | Greece: training/racing | 40 | 38.4±8.7 | Men: n=36 (90.0%) Women: n=4 (10.0%) | 23.4±2.0 | Quality 10/15 LoE 2b |
| Hespanhol Junior et al (2017)26 | Prospective cohort | The Dutch version of the OSTRC Questionnaire on Health Problems was used to collect self-reported injury and illness data biweekly over 6 months | Netherlands: training/racing | 228 | All participants: 43.4 (95% CI: 42.2 to44.6) Men: 43.8 (42.4–45.2) Women: 42.4 (39.9 to 44.8) | Men: n=171 (75%) Women: n=57 (25%) | All: 22.6 (95% CIb: 22.3 to 22.8) Men: 23.0 (22.7 to 23.3) Women: 21.3 (20.9–21.8) | Quality 9/15 LoE 2b |
| Matos et al (2020) A9 | Retrospective cross-sectional | Self-reported injury: data collected via an online questionnaire during the previous 12 months (related to the year 2017) | Portugal: training/racing recreational runners | 719 | 38.0±7.8 | Men: n=529 (74%) Women: n=190 (26%) | Not reported | Quality 9/15 LoE 2b |
| Matos et al (2020) B28 | Prospective cohort | Self-reported injury questionnaire. Workload-related data collected daily via GPS | Portugal: training towards 2018/2019 Portuguese trail running championships | 25 | 36.23±8.30 | Men: n=25 (100%) Women: n=0 (0%) | Not reported | Quality 12/15 LoE 1b |
| Viljoen et al (2021)33 | Retrospective cross-sectional | Self-reported injury questionnaire completed 2 weeks prior to race participation. Injury recorded retrospectively. | South Africa: Training toward SkyRun races (38 km, 65 km, 100 km) | 305 | All: 38.3 (95% CI: 37.4 to 39.2) Men: 38.7 (37.6 to 39.8) Women: 37.3 (35.7 to 38.8) | Men: n=213 (69.8%) Women: n=92 (30.2%) | All: 23.9 (95% CI: 23.6 to 24.2) Men: 22.2 (21.7 to 22.6) Women: 24.6 (24.3 to 25.0) | Quality 12/15 LoE 2b |
GPS, global positioning system; LoE, level of evidence; OSTRC, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre.