Table 1

Summary of the association between muscle-strengthening activities and health outcomes

Outcomes	Two-group (no vs any muscle-strengthening activities) meta-analysis					Dose–response meta-analysis (10 min/week increase)
Outcomes	N	Cases/participants	RR (95% CI)	P value	I², p value	N	Cases/participants	RR (95% CI)	P value	I², p value	GRADE*
All-cause mortality	7	42 133/263 058	0.85 (0.79 to 0.93)	<0.001	83%,<0.001	6	37 178/236 331	0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)†	0.05	75%, 0.001	⨁◯◯◯
CVD	7	16 056/257 888	0.83 (0.73 to 0.93)	0.002	73%,<0.001	5	11 263/226 746	0.996 (0.99 to 1.003)‡	0.26	0%, 0.46	⨁◯◯◯
Total cancer	6	21 253/540 543	0.88 (0.80 to 0.97)	0.008	76%,<0.001	4	13 033/212 323	0.99 (0.98 to 1.004)§	0.15	80%, 0.002	⨁◯◯◯
Diabetes	5	9548/202 486	0.83 (0.77 to 0.89)	<0.001	36%, 0.18	3	7511/167 072	0.98 (0.97 to 0.99)¶	0.003	59%, 0.09	⨁⨁◯◯
Colon cancer	2	2415/248 909	0.96 (0.91 to 1.01)	0.09	0%,<0.35	2	2415/248 909	0.998 (0.96 to 1.04)	0.91	94%,<0.001	⨁◯◯◯
Kidney cancer	2	1063/248 909	0.88 (0.76 to 1.02)	0.08	0%,<0.52	2	1063/248 909	0.98 (0.96 to 1.002)	0.08	9%, 0.29	⨁◯◯◯
Bladder cancer	2	2341/248 909	0.94 (0.84 to 1.05)	0.27	19%,<0.27	2	2341/248 909	0.98 (0.95 to 1.02)	0.34	77%, 0.04	⨁◯◯◯
Lung cancer	2	4075/248 909	0.90 (0.83 to 0.98)	0.01	0%,<0.69	2	4075/248 909	0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)	0.045	0%, 0.81	⨁◯◯◯
Pancreatic cancer	2	1028/248 909	1.12 (0.98 to 1.28)	0.11	0%,<0.84	2	1028/248 909	1.004 (0.99 to 1.02)	0.65	0%, 0.89	⨁◯◯◯

*⨁◯◯◯: very low; ⨁⨁◯◯: low; ⨁⨁⨁◯: moderate; ⨁⨁⨁⨁: high.
†A J-shaped association with the maximum risk reduction (17%) at 40 min/week.
‡A J-shaped association with the maximum risk reduction (18%) at 60 min/week.
§A J-shaped association with the maximum risk reduction (9%) at 30 min/week.
¶An L-shaped association with a large risk reduction up to 60 min/week.
CVD, cardiovascular diseases; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; RR, relative risk.