Sensitivity and additional analysis of the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 outcomes and COVID-19 related death associated with study patients who engaged in physical activities according to exercise guideline or MET score
| Events | Cohort | N (%) | Exposure | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
| COVID-19 | Online supplemental table S2; Propensity score matched cohort A | 95/2649 (3.6) | Insufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening | 1.0 (ref)* |
| 69/2649 (2.6) | Aerobic and muscle strengthening | 0.73 (0.54 to 0.99) | ||
| COVID-19 | Online supplemental table S5; cohort C | 1087/33 263 (3.3) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 344/12 650 (2.7) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.04) | ||
| 249/9689 (2.6) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.78 (0.66 to 0.92) | ||
| 615/20 793 (3.0) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.05) | ||
| COVID-19 | Online supplemental table S6; Propensity score matched cohort C | 991/29 993 (3.3) | Low physical activity (MET, 0–500) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 852/29 993 (2.8) | High physical activity (MET, ≥500) | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.99) | ||
| COVID-19 | Online supplemental table S8; cohort D | 803/22 811 (3.5) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 1641/50 052 (3.3) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.89 (0.82 to 0.97) | ||
| 816/25 932 (3.2) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.85 (0.75 to 0.96) | ||
| 622/19 973 (3.1) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.85 (0.74 to 0.99) | ||
| COVID-19 | Online supplemental table S9; propensity score matched cohort D | 429/11 930 (3.6) | Low physical activity (MET, 0–500) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 372/11 930 (3.1) | High physical activity (MET, ≥500) | 0.87 (0.76 to 0.99) | ||
| Severe COVID-19‡ | Online supplemental table S2; propensity score matched cohort A | 21/2649 (0.79) | Insufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening | 1.0 (ref)* |
| 9/2649 (0.34) | Aerobic and muscle strengthening | 0.43 (0.20 to 0.95) | ||
| Severe COVID-19‡ | Online supplemental table S3; cohort B | 273/1293 (21.1) | Insufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening | 1.0 (ref)* |
| 25/150 (16.7) | Muscle strengthening only | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.26) | ||
| 109/561 (19.4) | Aerobic only | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.10) | ||
| 39/291 (13.4) | Aerobic and muscle strengthening | 0.66 (0.47 to 0.90) | ||
| Severe COVID-19‡ | Online supplemental table S5; cohort C | 239/33 263 (0.72) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 58/12 650 (0.46) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.78 (0.53 to 1.12) | ||
| 39/9689 (0.40) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.62 (0.43 to 0.90) | ||
| 110/20 793 (0.53) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.03) | ||
| Severe COVID-19‡ | Online supplemental table S6; propensity score matched cohort C | 209/29 993 (0.70) | Low physical activity (MET, 0–500) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 146/29 993 (0.49) | High physical activity (MET, ≥500) | 0.77 (0.63 to 0.95) | ||
| Severe COVID-19‡ | Online supplemental table S8; cohort D | 75/22 811 (0.33) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 109/50 052 (0.22) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.65 (0.47 to 0.86) | ||
| 49/25 932 (0.19) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.54 (0.35 to 0.79) | ||
| 44/19 973 (0.22) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.66 (0.45 to 0.96) | ||
| Severe COVID-19‡ | Online supplemental table S9; propensity score matched cohort D | 40/11 930 (0.28) | Low physical activity (MET, 0–500) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 24/11 930 (0.20) | High physical activity (MET, ≥500) | 0.58 (0.35 to 0.99) | ||
| Severe COVID-19‡ | Online supplemental table S10; cohort E | 75/803 (9.3) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 109/1641 (6.6) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.73 (0.53 to 0.99) | ||
| 49/816 (6.0) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.68 (0.44 to 0.98) | ||
| 44/622 (7.1) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.74 (0.48 to 1.12) | ||
| COVID-19 related death | Online supplemental table S2; propensity score matched cohort A | 3/2649 (0.11) | Insufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening | 1.0 (ref)* |
| 1/2619 (0.04) | Aerobic and muscle strengthening | 0.34 (0.04 to 3.20) | ||
| COVID-19 related death | Online supplemental table S3; cohort B | 32/1293 (205) | Insufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening | 1.0 (ref)* |
| 0/150 (0.0) | Muscle strengthening only | NA | ||
| 11/561 (2.0) | Aerobic only | 0.71 (0.35 to 1.42) | ||
| 2/291 (0.7) | Aerobic and muscle strengthening | 0.28 (0.06 to 1.20) | ||
| COVID-19 related death | Online supplemental table S5; cohort C | 27/33 263 (0.07) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 5/12 650 (0.05) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.81 (0.22 to 2.42) | ||
| 1/9689 (0.01) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.17 (0.07 to 0.98) | ||
| 12/20 793 (0.06) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.79 (0.42 to 1.59) | ||
| COVID-19 related death | Online supplemental table S6; propensity score matched cohort C | 23/29 993 (0.07) | Low physical activity (MET, 0–500) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 11/29 993 (0.04) | High physical activity (MET, ≥500) | 0.51 (0.26 to 1.01) | ||
| COVID-19 related death | Online supplemental table S8; cohort D | 39/22 811 (0.17) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 53/50 052 (0.11) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.60 (0.40 to 0.93) | ||
| 17/25 932 (0.07) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.35 (0.20 to 0.64) | ||
| 13/19 973 (0.07) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.37 (0.19 to 0.71) | ||
| COVID-19 related death | Online supplemental table S9; propensity score matched cohort D | 21/11 930 (0.18) | Low physical activity (MET, 0–500) | 1.0 (ref)‡ |
| 9/11 930 (0.08) | High physical activity (MET, ≥500) | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.96) | ||
| COVID-19 related death | Online supplemental table S10; cohort E | 39/803 (4.9) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 53/1641 (3.2) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | 0.74 (0.49 to 1.06) | ||
| 17/816 (2.1) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | 0.49 (0.27 to 0.82) | ||
| 13/622 (2.1) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | 0.43 (0.22 to 0.83) | ||
| Events | Cohort | Mean day (SD) | Exposure | Adjusted mean difference* (95% CI) |
| Length of stay in hospital | Online supplemental table S3; cohort B | 27.4 (15.3) | Insufficient aerobic and muscle strengthening | 1.0 (ref)* |
| 26.3 (14.4) | Muscle strengthening only | −0.68 (3.28 to 1.89) | ||
| 26.7 (15.4) | Aerobic only | −0.57 (-2.06 to 0.92) | ||
| 25.0 (13.6) | Aerobic and muscle strengthening | −2.08 (−4.04 to −0.14) | ||
| Length of stay in hospital | Online supplemental table S10; cohort E | 27.5 (16.5) | Inactive (MET, 0) | 1.0 (ref)† |
| 27.3 (15.1) | Insufficiently active (MET, 1–<500) | −0.18 (−1.47 to 1.11) | ||
| 24.8 (14.3) | Active (MET, 500–<1000) | −1.85 (−3.63 to −0.05) | ||
| 26.1 (14.3) | Highly active (MET, ≥1000) | −0.68 (−3.19 to 1.82) |
Numbers in bold indicate significant differences (p<0.05).
*Regression models were adjusted for the age; sex; region of residence (Seoul Capital Area, Daegu/Gyeongbuk area and other areas); Charlson comorbidity index (0, 1 and ≥2); history of diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, stroke and cardiovascular disease; body mass index (continuous; using the restricted cubic spline function); systolic blood pressure (continuous); diastolic blood pressure (continuous); fasting blood glucose (continuous); serum total cholesterol (continuous); glomerular filtration rate (≥90, 60–89 and ≤59 mL/min); household income (low, middle and high); smoking (never, ex and current); alcoholic drinks (<1, 1–2, 3–4 and ≥5 days per week); medication for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
†Regression models were adjusted for the age (20–59, 60–69, 70–79 and ≥80 years); sex; region of residence (rural and urban); Charlson comorbidity index (0, 1 and ≥2); history of diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, stroke and cardiovascular disease; body mass index (continuous; using the restricted cubic spline function); systolic blood pressure (continuous); diastolic blood pressure (continuous); fasting blood glucose (continuous); serum total cholesterol (continuous); glomerular filtration rate (≥90, 60–89 and ≤59 mL/min); household income (low, middle and high); smoking (never, ex and current); alcoholic drinks (<1, 1–2, 3–4 and ≥5 days per week); medication for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
‡Severe COVID-19 consisted of admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death.
MET, metabolic equivalent of task; RR, relative risk.