| Predominantly upper respiratory tract | 1. Acute infective rhinitis and/or additional features of rhinosinusitis/rhinopharyngitis
(Also described as the ‘common cold’, ‘Coryza’, or ‘viral upper respiratory infection’) | A clinical presentation characterised by rhinitis (blocked/stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, nasal discharge) that may be associated with other symptoms and signs of an upper respiratory infection (sore throat, sinus pressure) |
Regional symptoms (cough, hoarseness, cervical lymphadenopathy, watery eyes) are uncommon Systemic symptoms (fever, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, malaise) are uncommon and if present, they are mild and transient (<48 hours) Conjunctivitis is more common with adenovirus
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34 51 91 118
|
2. Acute infective rhinosinusitis/rhinopharyngitis with systemic symptoms/signs
(Also described as ‘influenza-like’, or ‘influenza’) | A rapid-onset clinical presentation characterised by:at least one upper/regional respiratory symptom (blocked/stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough)
AND
AND
|
Some case definitions stipulate fever, cough and fatigue as the hallmark features WHO case definition of influenza-like illness: An ARinf with: measured fever of ≥38°C, and cough and onset within the last 10 days
|
119–126
|
| 3. Acute pharyngitis* | A clinical presentation that is mainly characterised by a sore throat, with objective evidence of pharyngeal inflammation |
Clinical features of pharyngitis (erythema, exudate) that may include cervical lymphadenopathy May be associated with systemic symptoms (fever, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, malaise) Aetiology can be viral, bacterial or other pathogens Consider Epstein-Barr virus as a cause in young athletes
|
34
|
| 4. Acute laryngitis/laryngotracheobronchitis (‘croup’)* | A clinical presentation that is mainly characterised by hoarseness, sore throat and cough |
Clinical features of laryngitis (hoarseness, sore/scratchy throat) that may be associated with difficulty in breathing, inspiratory stridor Clinical features of tracheobronchitis (dry cough, wet cough, difficulty in breathing, chest pain/pressure, chest tightness) May be associated with systemic symptoms (fever, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, malaise) but this is uncommon Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is more common in children
|
34
|
| Predominantly lower respiratory tract | 1. Acute tracheobronchitis* | A clinical presentation that is mainly characterised by cough (dry or wet) that may be associated with tracheal tenderness and other chest symptoms |
Clinical features of tracheobronchitis (dry cough, wet cough, difficulty in breathing, chest pain/pressure, chest tightness, wheeze, tracheal tenderness) May be associated with systemic symptoms (fever, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, malaise)
|
34
|
| 2. Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis * | A clinical presentation that is mainly characterised by cough without evidence of pneumonia |
Acute bronchitis can occur as a complication of acute rhinitis/rhinosinusitis The aetiology of bronchitis can be viral, bacterial or other pathogens Bronchiolitis is a clinical syndrome in infants that is characterised by upper respiratory symptoms for 2–3 days followed by lower respiratory symptoms such as wheezing and other chest symptoms/signs May be associated with systemic symptoms (fever, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, malaise)
|
34 127
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| 3. Acute pneumonia | A clinical presentation confirmed by special investigations (eg, chest X-ray) that is mainly characterised by productive cough, difficulty in breathing and pleuritic chest pain, which is associated with fever and other systemic symptoms and signs |
Systemic symptoms (fever, chills, excessive fatigue, general myalgia/arthralgia, skin rash, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite) Clinical signs include tachycardia, tachypnoea, crackles, rales, tactile fremitus, and egophony Acute pneumonia can occur as a complication of other upper respiratory infections The aetiology of acute pneumonia can be viral, bacterial or other pathogens Acute pneumonia is rare in healthy athletes and more common in immunocompromised individuals and those with co-morbidities
|
34 128
|