2-year outcomes | 5-year outcomes | |||||||
Rehab alone at 2 years (no ACLR) | Rehab+delayed ACLR within 2 years (n=24) | Early ACLR+rehab (n=62) | Rehab alone at 5 years (no ACLR) | Rehab+delayed ACLR within 5 years (n=30) | Early ACLR+rehab (n=62) | |||
Evidence of ACL healing (n=16) | Non-healed ACL (n=14) | Evidence of ACL healing (n=14) | Non-healed ACL (n=10) | |||||
KOOS Sport/Rec | 88 (14) | 67 (28) | 66 (30) | 72 (27) | 84 (25) | 81 (19) | 78 (26) | 76 (23) |
KOOS QOL | 76 (17) | 54 (25) | 63 (24) | 67 (24) | 77 (18) | 61 (22) | 72 (24) | 71 (21) |
KOOS Pain | 96 (6) | 86 (14) | 85 (16) | 87 (16) | 92 (13) | 91 (9) | 91 (13) | 91 (12) |
KOOS Symptoms | 94 (6) | 81 (18) | 79 (19) | 79 (21) | 91 (16) | 87 (19) | 85 (14) | 83 (17) |
Tegner Activity Score, mean (SD), (median, IQR) | 6 (3) (6, 4–9) | 6 (3) (6, 4–8) | 6 (2) (6, 4–7) | 6 (3) (7, 3–8) | 5 (2) (6, 4-7) | 5 (3) (4, 3–7) | 5 (3) (4, 2–7) | 5 (3) (4, 3–7) |
Passive knee laxity | ||||||||
Normal/nearly normal pivot shift test | 12 (75%) | 6 (46%) | 22 (92%) | 60 (100%) | 10 (71%) | 7 (70%) | 29 (97%) | 58 (98%) |
Normal/nearly normal Lachman’s test | 7 (44%) | 4 (31%) | 20 (83%) | 56 (93%) | 5 (36%) | 6 (60%) | 28 (93%) | 57 (97%) |
KT-1000, mean (SD), mm | 9.4 (3.3) | 8.2 (2.9) | 7.3 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.4) | – | – | – | – |
Radiographic TFJ OA | – | – | – | – | 2 (14%) | 1 (10%) | 1 (3%) | 9 (15%) |
Radiographic PFJ OA | – | – | – | – | 1 (7%) | 1 (10%) | 6 (21%) | 14 (24%) |
Data represent mean (SD) or count (%); ‘evidence of ACL healing’ = Anterior Cruciate Ligament OsteoArthritis Score (ACLOAS) score of 0 to 2 (0=normal ligament with hypointense signal and regular thickness and continuity; 1=thickened ligament and/or high intraligamentous signal with normal course and continuity; 2=thinned or elongated but continuous ligament); ‘non-healed ACL’ = ACLOAS score of 3 (3=absent ligament or complete discontinuity); normal or nearly normal pivot shift test represents grade 0 (normal) or grade 1 (nearly normal (+, glide)); Lachman’s test was scored from 0 (normal translation) to 3 (severely increased translation), with 0–1 indicating normal or nearly normal translation; four persons had missing healing status at 2 years, 4 persons had missing healing status at 5 years; of persons with non-missing healing status one had missing radiographic OA status.
ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; ACLR, ACL reconstruction; KOOS, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; PFJ OA, patellofemoral osteoarthritis; QOL, quality of life; Sport/Rec, patient-reported sport and recreational function .