Table 2

Subgroup and metaregression analyses on the overall effects of potentially moderating variables

Subgroup analysis
kn β 95% CIP value I 2 95% CIPa Pr
MBP92510.007*8273 to 94<0.001*
 MBSR41140.196−0.57 to 0.970.679
 MBCT
 MAC396−0.857−1.48 to −0.240.018*
 MIX241−0.02−0.95 to 0.910.98
Control92390.003*7458 to 92<0.001*
 Active2123−0.183−0.63 to 0.260.476
 Non-active7116−0.858−1.41 to −0.300.006*
Level<0.001*51seven to 83<0.001*
 Junior53490.5320.04 to 1.0250.034*
 Senior283−0.834−1.26 to −0.40<0.001*
 Para1180.162−1.02 to 1.340.788
 Retired140−1.317−2.02 to −0.61<0.001*
Intervention quality<0.001*7466 to 890.001*
 High6218−1.042−1.39 to −0.70<0.001*
 Low32720.7930.24 to 1.350.012*
Researcher allegiance<0.001*7461 to 920.001*
 High7372−0.951−1.27 to −0.64<0.001*
 Low21180.8630.24 to 1.490.017*
Risk of bias0.1357461 to 93<0.001*
 High157−0.442−1.19 to 0.300.303
 Moderate8433−0.399−1.21 to 0.440.391
Bivariate regressionFinal model
kn β 95% CIP value β 95% CIP value
MBP92510.148
 MBSR4114−0.83 to 1.120.7520.333−0.30 to 0.970.274
 MBCT−0.91
 MAC396−1.49−1.70 to −0.120.026*−0.2890.24 to 0.60<0.001*
 Mix241−1.78 to 1.1810.423−0.39 to 1.230.423
Control9239
 Active2123−0.178−0.82 to 0.460.5630.454−0.55 to 1.460.348
 Non-active7116−0.911−1.66 to −0.160.021*−0.301−0.50 to −0.110.005*
Research allegiance9490−0.549−0.94 to −0.150.010*−0.659−1.14 to −0.170.011*
Mean age9490−0.08−0.14 to −0.020.012*−0.087−0.14 to −0.020.006*
Sex (% male)9490−0.003<-0.01 to <0.010.624
Length9490−0.078−0.27 to 0.120.412
Sessions9490−0.085−0.19 to 0.030.121
Dose9490<-0.001<−0.01 to <0.010.129
Intervention quality9490−0.365−0.74 to 0.010.058
Risk of bias94900.409−0.34 to 1.160.275
  • P value differences between categories.

  • Mix indicates combination of MBPs.

  • Length indicates MBP length in weeks.

  • Dose indicates the duration of sessions/practice (min),

  • I 2 denotes % of heterogeneity.

  • Sessions denote MBP total number of sessions

  • *Significant at α=0.05.

  • MAC, mindful acceptance commitment; MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBP, mindfulness-based programme; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; Pa, p value for contrasts between categorical variables; Pr, p value residual heterogeneity; β, standardised beta.