Table 2

Subgroup and metaregression analyses on the overall effects of potentially moderating variables

			Subgroup analysis
	k	n	β	95% CI	P value	I ²	95% CI	P_a	P_r
MBP	9	251			0.007*	82	73 to 94		<0.001*
MBSR	4	114	0.196	−0.57 to 0.97				0.679
MBCT	–	–	–	–				–
MAC	3	96	−0.857	−1.48 to −0.24				0.018*
MIX	2	41	−0.02	−0.95 to 0.91				0.98
Control	9	239			0.003*	74	58 to 92		<0.001*
Active	2	123	−0.183	−0.63 to 0.26				0.476
Non-active	7	116	−0.858	−1.41 to −0.30				0.006*
Level					<0.001*	51	seven to 83		<0.001*
Junior	5	349	0.532	0.04 to 1.025				0.034*
Senior	2	83	−0.834	−1.26 to −0.40				<0.001*
Para	1	18	0.162	−1.02 to 1.34				0.788
Retired	1	40	−1.317	−2.02 to −0.61				<0.001*
Intervention quality					<0.001*	74	66 to 89		0.001*
High	6	218	−1.042	−1.39 to −0.70				<0.001*
Low	3	272	0.793	0.24 to 1.35				0.012*
Researcher allegiance					<0.001*	74	61 to 92		0.001*
High	7	372	−0.951	−1.27 to −0.64				<0.001*
Low	2	118	0.863	0.24 to 1.49				0.017*
Risk of bias					0.135	74	61 to 93		<0.001*
High	1	57	−0.442	−1.19 to 0.30				0.303
Moderate	8	433	−0.399	−1.21 to 0.44				0.391

			Bivariate regression			Final model
	k	n	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value
MBP	9	251	0.148
MBSR	4	114	–	−0.83 to 1.12	0.752	0.333	−0.30 to 0.97	0.274
MBCT	–	–	−0.91	–	–	–	–	–
MAC	3	96	−1.49	−1.70 to −0.12	0.026*	−0.289	0.24 to 0.60	<0.001*
Mix	2	41		−1.78 to 1.18	1	0.423	−0.39 to 1.23	0.423
Control	9	239
Active	2	123	−0.178	−0.82 to 0.46	0.563	0.454	−0.55 to 1.46	0.348
Non-active	7	116	−0.911	−1.66 to −0.16	0.021*	−0.301	−0.50 to −0.11	0.005*
Research allegiance	9	490	−0.549	−0.94 to −0.15	0.010*	−0.659	−1.14 to −0.17	0.011*
Mean age	9	490	−0.08	−0.14 to −0.02	0.012*	−0.087	−0.14 to −0.02	0.006*
Sex (% male)	9	490	−0.003	<-0.01 to <0.01	0.624
Length	9	490	−0.078	−0.27 to 0.12	0.412
Sessions	9	490	−0.085	−0.19 to 0.03	0.121
Dose	9	490	<-0.001	<−0.01 to <0.01	0.129
Intervention quality	9	490	−0.365	−0.74 to 0.01	0.058
Risk of bias	9	490	0.409	−0.34 to 1.16	0.275

P value differences between categories.
Mix indicates combination of MBPs.
Length indicates MBP length in weeks.
Dose indicates the duration of sessions/practice (min),
I ² denotes % of heterogeneity.
Sessions denote MBP total number of sessions
*Significant at α=0.05.
MAC, mindful acceptance commitment; MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBP, mindfulness-based programme; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; P_a, p value for contrasts between categorical variables; P_r, p value residual heterogeneity; β, standardised beta.