Subgroup analysis | |||||||||
k | n | β | 95% CI | P value | I 2 | 95% CI | Pa | Pr | |
MBP | 9 | 251 | 0.007* | 82 | 73 to 94 | <0.001* | |||
MBSR | 4 | 114 | 0.196 | −0.57 to 0.97 | 0.679 | ||||
MBCT | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
MAC | 3 | 96 | −0.857 | −1.48 to −0.24 | 0.018* | ||||
MIX | 2 | 41 | −0.02 | −0.95 to 0.91 | 0.98 | ||||
Control | 9 | 239 | 0.003* | 74 | 58 to 92 | <0.001* | |||
Active | 2 | 123 | −0.183 | −0.63 to 0.26 | 0.476 | ||||
Non-active | 7 | 116 | −0.858 | −1.41 to −0.30 | 0.006* | ||||
Level | <0.001* | 51 | seven to 83 | <0.001* | |||||
Junior | 5 | 349 | 0.532 | 0.04 to 1.025 | 0.034* | ||||
Senior | 2 | 83 | −0.834 | −1.26 to −0.40 | <0.001* | ||||
Para | 1 | 18 | 0.162 | −1.02 to 1.34 | 0.788 | ||||
Retired | 1 | 40 | −1.317 | −2.02 to −0.61 | <0.001* | ||||
Intervention quality | <0.001* | 74 | 66 to 89 | 0.001* | |||||
High | 6 | 218 | −1.042 | −1.39 to −0.70 | <0.001* | ||||
Low | 3 | 272 | 0.793 | 0.24 to 1.35 | 0.012* | ||||
Researcher allegiance | <0.001* | 74 | 61 to 92 | 0.001* | |||||
High | 7 | 372 | −0.951 | −1.27 to −0.64 | <0.001* | ||||
Low | 2 | 118 | 0.863 | 0.24 to 1.49 | 0.017* | ||||
Risk of bias | 0.135 | 74 | 61 to 93 | <0.001* | |||||
High | 1 | 57 | −0.442 | −1.19 to 0.30 | 0.303 | ||||
Moderate | 8 | 433 | −0.399 | −1.21 to 0.44 | 0.391 |
Bivariate regression | Final model | |||||||
k | n | β | 95% CI | P value | β | 95% CI | P value | |
MBP | 9 | 251 | 0.148 | |||||
MBSR | 4 | 114 | – | −0.83 to 1.12 | 0.752 | 0.333 | −0.30 to 0.97 | 0.274 |
MBCT | – | – | −0.91 | – | – | – | – | – |
MAC | 3 | 96 | −1.49 | −1.70 to −0.12 | 0.026* | −0.289 | 0.24 to 0.60 | <0.001* |
Mix | 2 | 41 | −1.78 to 1.18 | 1 | 0.423 | −0.39 to 1.23 | 0.423 | |
Control | 9 | 239 | ||||||
Active | 2 | 123 | −0.178 | −0.82 to 0.46 | 0.563 | 0.454 | −0.55 to 1.46 | 0.348 |
Non-active | 7 | 116 | −0.911 | −1.66 to −0.16 | 0.021* | −0.301 | −0.50 to −0.11 | 0.005* |
Research allegiance | 9 | 490 | −0.549 | −0.94 to −0.15 | 0.010* | −0.659 | −1.14 to −0.17 | 0.011* |
Mean age | 9 | 490 | −0.08 | −0.14 to −0.02 | 0.012* | −0.087 | −0.14 to −0.02 | 0.006* |
Sex (% male) | 9 | 490 | −0.003 | <-0.01 to <0.01 | 0.624 | |||
Length | 9 | 490 | −0.078 | −0.27 to 0.12 | 0.412 | |||
Sessions | 9 | 490 | −0.085 | −0.19 to 0.03 | 0.121 | |||
Dose | 9 | 490 | <-0.001 | <−0.01 to <0.01 | 0.129 | |||
Intervention quality | 9 | 490 | −0.365 | −0.74 to 0.01 | 0.058 | |||
Risk of bias | 9 | 490 | 0.409 | −0.34 to 1.16 | 0.275 |
P value differences between categories.
Mix indicates combination of MBPs.
Length indicates MBP length in weeks.
Dose indicates the duration of sessions/practice (min),
I 2 denotes % of heterogeneity.
Sessions denote MBP total number of sessions
*Significant at α=0.05.
MAC, mindful acceptance commitment; MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBP, mindfulness-based programme; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; Pa, p value for contrasts between categorical variables; Pr, p value residual heterogeneity; β, standardised beta.