Assessment methods and outcome measures used in the included studies
| Author | Assessment methods | Outcome measures |
| Amputation level: toe/great toe | ||
| Ademoglu et al 51 | Physical Examination, Standard Weightbearing Dorsoplantar and Lateral X-Ray, Pedography Measurement Platform | Plantar Callus Formation, Joint ROM, Navicular Index, Cuboid Index, Height of First Metatarsal Head, Intermetatarsal Angles, Sesamoid Migration, Peak Plantar Pressure, Regional Plantar Pressure, Regional Pressure Ratios, CoP Excursion |
| Beyaert et al 38 | Physical Examination, Podoscope Assessment, Anteroposterior and Lateral X-Rays, Postural Balance via Force Platform, 3D Gait Analysis | Gait Speed, Cadence, Stride Length, Single Stance Duration of Gait Cycle, Plantar Imprint, Toe Position, Forefoot Deformation, Alignments, Balance Time, CoP Displacement, Angular Joint Movements, |
| Chen et al 33 | Postural Balance via Force Platform | CoP Excursion |
| Lavery et al 49 | In-Shoe Pressure Measurement System | Peak Plantar Pressure |
| Lipton et al 37 | Physical Examination, Gait Analysis using High Speed Cameras, Electromyography | Gait Speed, Cadence, Stride Length, Step Length, Single and Double Limb Stance Times, Step Width |
| Mann et al 50 | Physical Examination, Harris Mat Print, Anteroposterior and Lateral X-Rays and Photographs, Gait Analysis using Force Plates and High Speed Cameras | Gait Speed, Cadence, Step Length, Percent of Stance and Swing Phase, Heel-Rise Time, Plantar Callus Formation, ROM, Shoe Wear, Motion of the Pelvis, Hip, Knee, and Ankle; CoP |
| Poppen et al 40 | Physical Examination, X-Rays, Harris Mat, Gait Analysis | Plantar Callus Formation, ROM, Navicular Index, Cuboid Index, Pressure Distribution, Shoe Wear, Stance Phase, Heel Rise, Step Length |
| Amputation level: metatarsophalangeal (MTP) | ||
| Forczek et al 34 | 3D Gait Analysis using a Motion Analysis System | Gait Speed, Step Frequency, Single and Double Leg Support, Step Length, Step Time, Angular Motion in of Lower Limb Joints. |
| Amputation level: transmetatarsal (TMT) | ||
| Andersen et al 35 | Physical Examination, Visual Observation | Walking Distance, Ability to Wear Shoes |
| Czerniecki et al 39 | Locomotor Capability Index-5 | Ambulatory Function |
| Friedmann et al 41 | Questionnaire, Physical Examination, Gait Analysis, Electrodynograph (force data collector) | Duration of Gait Phases, Plantar Pressure |
| Garbalosa et al 47 | 3D Gait Analysis via Cameras; Force Platform data | Peak Plantar Pressure, Regional Plantar Pressure, Static and Dynamic ROM Motion of the Ankle |
| Kelly et al 48 | In-Shoe Pressure Measurement System, 6.8 m Walkway | Gait Velocity, Peak Plantar Pressure, Peak Force, Area in contact at Peak Plantar Pressure |
| Mueller et al 26 | 6.8 m Walkway; In-Shoe Pressure Measurement System | Gait Speed, Peak Plantar Pressure |
| Mueller et al 27 | Functional Reach Test, Physical Performance Test (PPT), Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) | Gait Speed, Reaching Distance, PPT: writing a sentence, simulated eating, lifting a book to put on a shelf, putting on and removing a jacket, picking up a penny from the floor, turning 360 degrees, walking 15.2 m (50 ft), and climbing a single flight of stairs (12 steps), SIP: emotional behaviour, mobility, body care and movement, ambulation, recreation and pastimes, social behaviour, and home management |
| Mueller et al 28 | 3D Gait Analysis using a motion analysis system; Force Platform | Gait Speed, Step Length, Peak Plantarflexion Angle, Peak Ankle, Hip and Knee Moments and Power, Onset of Hip Flexion Moment, Hip & Knee ROM Excursion |
| Pinzur et al 42 | 25 m Walkway, Douglas Air Bag, Gas Chromatography, Telemetry EKG, | Gait speed (self-selected and maximum), Stride Length, Cadence, VO2max, relative and functional energy cost |
| Pinzur et al 43 | Force Data using In-Shoe Pressure Measurement System | Ground Reaction Force, CoP Excursion |
| Salsich et al 29 | 15.2 m Walkway and Stopwatch, Hand Held Dynamometry, Functional Reach Test, Physical Performance Test, Sickness Impact Profile, | Gait Speed, Lower Extremity Strength, Reaching Distance, PPT: writing a sentence, simulated eating, lifting a book to put on a shelf, putting on and removing a jacket, picking up a penny from the floor, turning 360 degrees, walking 15.2 m (50 ft), and climbing a single flight of stairs (12 steps), SIP: emotional behaviour, mobility, body care and movement, ambulation, recreation and pastimes, social behaviour, and home management, |
| Tang et al 53 | 10 m Walkway, 3D Gait Analysis using a Motion Analysis System, Force Platform | Gait Speed, Step Length, Cadence, Single- and Double-Leg Support Time, Ankle Joint Moments and Powers, Gait Symmetry |
| Amputation level: chopart | ||
| Burger et al 52 | 10M Walkway, 3D Gait Analysis using Motion Analysis System, Force Plates | Gait Speed, Step Length, Stride Length, Cadence, Joint Angles, Joint Moments, Joint Power |
| Amputation level: ray | ||
| Aprile et al 45 | 3D Gait Analysis using a Stereophotogrammetric System, Short-Form 36-item Health Survey Score, North American Spine Society Questionnaire, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory, Numeric Rating Scale, ID-Pain | Gait Speed, Step Length, Step Width, Cadence, Stance, Percentage of Duration of Swing Phase, Percentage of Duration of Double Leg Support, Joint ROM during Gait, Quality of Life, Pain Score |
| Ramseier et al 54 | Gait Analysis using a Pedobarograph | Plantar Pressure Distribution |
| Amputation level: mixed | ||
| Burnfield et al 46 | 10 m Walkway, Force Platform, Dynamometrey | Gait Speed, Cadence, Stride Length, Peak Ground Reaction Force, Plantar Flexion Torque |
| Dillon et al 30 | 3D Gait Analysis using a Motion Analysis System; Force Platform | Ankle Power and Moment, Hip Power, Work across the Ankle |
| Dillon et al 31 | 3D Gait Analysis using a Motion Analysis System; Force Platform | CoP Excursion, Ground Reaction Force |
| Dillon et al 32 | 3D Gait Analysis using a Motion Analysis System, Goniometry, Force Platform, Manual Muscle Testing | Gait Speed, Cadence, Stride Length, Duration of Swing and Stance Phase, Single and Double Leg Support, Joint ROM, Muscle Strength, Ground Reaction Force, CoP Excursion, Joint Moments and Power, Angular Velocity |
| Greene et al 36 | 7.62 m Walkway, Physical Examination, Goniometry, Manual Muscle Testing, Weightbearing Lateral X-ray, Gait Analysis and Functional Activity via Visual Observation | Gait Speed, Gait Mechanics |
| Kanade et al 44 | Heart Rate Monitor, Step Activity Monitor, Force Data using In-Shoe Pressure Measurement System | Gait Speed, Walking Capacity via Total Heart Beat Index, Daily Strides, Peak Plantar Pressure |
CoP, center of pressure; 3D, three dimensional; EKG, electrocardiogram; MTA, metatarsal amputation; MTP, metatarsophalangeal; MTT, metatarsal; PPT, Physical Performance Test; ROM, range of motion; SIP, Sickness Impact Profile; TMA, transmetatarsal amputation; TMT, transmetatarsal.