Prevention of shoulder injuries: effect and grading the quality of evidence
| Outcomes | Effect size | |||
| Effect (95% CI) | Large | Moderate | Small | |
| Risk of shoulder injuries | ||||
| Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Shoulder Injury Prevention programme versus usual care; n=660, male/female handball1 | All shoulder injuries OR=0.72 (0.52 to 0.98) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| Substantial shoulder injuries OR=0.78 (0.53 to 1.16) | Moderate quality of evidence | |||
| Risk of shoulder injury | ||||
| Throwing injury prevention programme versus usual care; n=237, male/female baseball43 | HR=0.48 (0.21 to 1.08) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| The Shoulder Control programme versus usual care; n=465, male/female handball47 | HRR=0.44 (0.29 to 0.68) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| FIFA 11+ shoulder prevention programme versus usual care; n=726, male football44 | IRR=0.28 (0.13 to 0.60) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| Intervention including Sleeper’s stretch versus usual care; n=46, male baseball50 | HR=0.35 (0.13 to 0.94) | Very low quality of evidence | ||
| Intervention including Sleeper’s stretch and prone shoulder external rotation exercise versus usual care; n=60, male baseball50 | HR=0.47 (0.20 to 1.10) | Very low quality of evidence | ||
| TennisReady programme, versus usual care; n=579, male/female tennis49 | OR=0.96 (p=0.93) | Low quality of evidence | ||
| Intervention including stretching and rubber band strengthening exercises versus usual care; n=579, male/female handball48 | Absolute risk reduction=−2.5%(−10.3 to 5.4) | Low quality of evidence | ||
| No of shoulder pain episodes | ||||
| Intervention including functional exercises using resistance bands or dumbbells versus usual care; n=26, male/female swimming45 | Between-group difference in no of shoulder pain episodes=2.8 (CI not reported), p=0.02 | Low quality of evidence | ||
| Patient-reported shoulder pain | ||||
| Intervention including shoulder strengthening exercises versus usual care, n=106, female handball46 | Between group difference in VAS=0.1 (CI not reported), p=0.746 | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
HR, hazard ratio; HRR, hazard rate ratio; IRR, incidence rate ratio; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.