Participants’ self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (IPAQ_MVPA) measured using the IPAQ was categorised as low (<600 MET-min/week), medium (600–<3000 MET-min/week), and high (≥3000 MET-min/week). Townsend Index (including measures of unemployment, non-car ownership, non-home ownership and household overcrowding), derived from respondents’ postcode was used as an indicator of area-level SES. We categorised Townsend Index into tertiles where the lowest score indicated the highest area-level SES. Employment status is categorised as employed (includes paid employment or self-employed, retired, paid or voluntary work or student) and unemployed (includes looking after home and/or family, unable to work and unemployed). O/CSE or equivalent is O level/ Certificate of Secondary Education or equivalent. A/NVQ/professional or equivalent is A level/ National Vocational Qualification, other professional qualifications such as nursing, teaching or equivalent. Sleep pattern is derived using sleep duration, chronotype, insomnia, snoring and dozing. Diet pattern is derived using intake of fruits and vegetables, fish (oily and non-oily), red meat (beef, pork and lamb) and proceeded meat intake. Body mass index is categorised as normal weight (18.5–<25 kg/m²), overweight (25.0–<30 kg/m²) and obesity (≥ 30 kg/m²).

Values in the table are frequencies and percentages unless otherwise stated. Differences between groups was tested using one-way analysis of variance for age and using χ² test for other variables.

IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ_MVPA, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; SES, socioeconomic status.