Questionnaire | Theoretical score range | Threshold | All athletes | Sex | Games | Season | |||
Male | Female | Olympic | Paralympic | Summer | Winter | ||||
APSQ | 10–50 | ≥17 | 14.1±5.3 (10–35) | 13.3±4.7 (10–34) | 14.9±5.2 (10–35)* | 13.9±4.9 (10–34) | 16.2±6.2 (10–35) | 14.5±5.3 (10–35) | 13.3±4.3 (10–30) |
GAD-7 | 0–21 | ≥10 | 2.1±3.13 (0–18) | 1.5±2.6 (0–18) | 2.7±3.4 (0–17)* | 2.0±2.9 (0–18) | 3.3±3.9 (0–16) | 2.2±3.2 (0–18) | 1.8±2.8 (0–15)* |
PHQ-9 | 0–27 | ≥10 | 1.7±2.7 (0–18) | 1.2±2.2 (0–18) | 2.1±3.0 (0–18)* | 1.6±2.6 (0–18) | 2.5±3.3 (0–15) | 1.9±2.9 (0–18) | 1.2±2.0 (0–12)* |
PHQ-9 Q9 | 0–3 | ≥1 | 0.01±0.1 (0–1) | 0.01±0.1 (0–1) | 0.02±0.1 (0–1) | 0.01±0.1 (0–1) | 0.03±0.2 (0–1) | 0.02±0.1 (0–1) | 0±0 (0–0)* |
ASSQ | 0–17 | ≥8 | 4.9±2.8 (0–16) | 4.8±2.8 (0–15) | 5.1±2.8 (0–16) | 4.9±2.8 (0–16) | 5.4±2.5 (0–13) | 5.1±2.9 (0–16) | 4.6±2.6 (0 to 15)* |
AUDIT-C | 0–13 | Male: ≥4 Female: ≥3 | 2.4±1.7 (0–11) | 2.6±1.8 (0–11) | 2.2±1.6 (0–8)* | 2.4±1.7 (0–11) | 2.7±1.7 (1–9) | 2.2±1.7 (0–11) | 2.8±1.7 (0–9)* |
CAGE-AID | 0–4 | ≥2 | 0.05±0.3 (0–4) | 0.07±0.4 (0–4) | 0.04±0.3 (0–4) | 0.05±0.4 (0–4) | 0.04±0.2 (0–1) | 0.05±0.3 (0–4) | 0.06±0.4 (0–4) |
BEDA-Q | 0–34 | ≥4 | 9.8±6.3 (0–31) | 8.4±5.7 (0–24) | 11.0±6.5 (0–31)* | 9.7±6.3 (0–31) | 10.5±6.3 (0–29) | 10.4±6.3 (0–31) | 8.6±6.0 (0–28)* |
*Significantly different from male athletes, Olympic athletes and summer athletes for sex, games and season, respectively (p<0.05).
APSQ, Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire; ASSQ, Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption; BEDA-Q, Brief Eating Disorders in Athletes Questionnaire; CAGE-AID, Cutting Down, Annoyance by Criticism, Guilty Feeling and Eye openings Adapted to Include Drugs; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9 Q9, Question 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9.