CRF and cigarette smoking at conscription and future risk of cancer in individuals who underwent conscription in 1968–1970 when information on smoking habits was collected (n=21 307)
| Cancer site | No of cases | CRF (ref=low) | Smoking (ref=no smoking) | |
| Moderate/high | 1–10 cigarettes/day | >10 cigarettes/day | ||
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Any cancer | 4371 | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.13) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.19) | |
| Malignant skin | 1223 | 1.22 (1.08 to 1.37) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.31) | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.91) | 0.70 (0.60 to 0.81) | |
| Bronchi and lung | 245 | 0.75 (0.58 to 0.97) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 0.92 (0.71 to 1.18) | 2.50 (1.67 to 3.74) | 5.68 (3.90 to 8.26) | |
| Head and neck | 193 | 0.72 (0.54 to 0.96) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.04) | 1.53 (1.07 to 2.20) | 2.00 (1.39 to 2.89) | |
| Gastrointestinal cancers | ||||
| Oesophagus | 83 | 0.65 (0.42 to 1.01) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 0.76 (0.49 to 1.18) | 2.62 (1.41 to 4.87) | 3.82 (2.07 to 7.06) | |
| Stomach | 71 | 0.71 (0.44 to 1.13) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 0.77 (0.48 to 1.24) | 2.11 (1.17 to 3.81) | 1.94 (1.03 to 3.67) | |
| Pancreas | 119 | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.17) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.25) | 1.44 (0.91 to 2.26) | 1.65 (1.03 to 2.62) | |
| Liver, bile ducts and gallbladder | 97 | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.18) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.30) | 1.75 (1.03 to 2.95) | 2.12 (1.25 to 3.59) | |
| Colon | 213 | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.29) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.29) | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.44) | 0.96 (0.67 to 1.37) | |
| Rectum | 156 | 1.40 (1.00 to 1.95) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 1.42 (1.02 to 2.00) | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.67) | 1.16 (0.77 to 1.74) | |
| Urological cancers | ||||
| Prostate | 1520 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.21) | 0.92 (0.82 to 1.03) | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.05) | |
| Kidney | 115 | 1.09 (0.75 to 1.60) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.68) | 0.97 (0.61 to 1.54) | 1.48 (0.95 to 2.32) | |
| Bladder | 217 | 1.16 (0.88 to 1.53) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 1.29 (0.98 to 1.71) | 1.81 (1.28 to 2.55) | 2.45 (1.73 to 3.47) | |
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 133 | 1.09 (0.77 to 1.55) | NA | NA |
| Adjusted for smoking | 1.16 (0.81 to 1.66) | 1.59 (1.05 to 2.40) | 1.62 (1.03 to 2.52) | |
Adjusted for conscription year, age, and site and BMI at conscription. Where indicated also adjusted for smoking. Models did not converge for central nervous system, thyroid gland, leukaemia, myeloma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma due to few events.
CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness.