Lateral ankle sprain injury | |||||||
Postural stability | AP/ML COP length25 28↑ | AP/ML COP amplitude25 28↑ | COP velocity25 28↑ | AP/ML root mean square sway25 34↑ | Sway area25 34↑ | Time to stabilisation32 33↑ | 95% ellipse sway area25 34↑ |
Locomotion | Gait/walking speed29–31↓ | Time in double leg support29–31↑ | Step length29–31↓ | Cadence30 31↓ | |||
Anterior cruciate ligament injury | |||||||
Frontal plane kinematics | Hip abduction89↓ | Knee abduction89↑ | |||||
Frontal plane kinetics | Internal knee adduction81 89↑ | ||||||
Sagittal plane kinematics | Hip flexion80–82↓ | Knee flexion80–82↓ | Ankle dorsiflexion83 98↓ | ||||
Sagittal plane kinetics | Internal hip extension80 82↑ | Internal knee extension80 82↑ | |||||
Impact loading | vGRF80–82↑ | Loading rate90↑ | |||||
Trunk mechanism | Trunk flexion94 99↓ | Trunk lateral flexion96 97 99↑ |
The arrows indicate the unfavourable direction of a given variable.
AP, anterior-posterior; COM, centre of mass; COP, centre of pressure; ML, medial-lateral; vGRF, vertical ground reaction force.