Table 4

Mean difference (95% CI; p value) or risk ratio (95% CI) between intervention and control groups

Outcome measuresDifference between groups (baseline adjusted) or risk ratio
Month 3 minus month 0 (n=556)Month 6 minus month 0 (n=540)Month 12 minus month 0 (n=509)
Intervention minus control or intervention relative to controlIntervention minus control or intervention relative to controlIntervention minus control or intervention relative to control
CPM from accelerometer Not assessed 21.34 (3.66 to 39.03; 0.02)* 5.32 (−21.23 to 31.87; 0.70)
Daily stepsNot assessed649 (283 to 1015; <0.001)461 (26 to 895; 0.04)
IPEQ (hours/week)
 Incidental activity−1.15 (−3.28 to 0.98; 0.29)−0.71 (−3.00 to 1.59; 0.55)0.80 (−2.05 to 3.65; 0.58)
 Walking activity0.96 (0.19 to 1.72; 0.02)0.91 (0.18 to 1.65; 0.01)1.13 (0.51 to 1.75; <0.001)
 Planned activity1.41 (0.45 to 2.36; 0.004)0.88 (0.08 to 1.70;0.032)1.33 (0.38 to 2.28; 0.006)
 Planned walking activities0.74 (0.10 to 1.38; 0.02)0.57 (0.95 to 1.05; 0.02)0.83 (0.28 to 1.39; 0.003)
 Planned sport activities0.55 (−0.56 to 1.16; 0.08)0.35 (−0.20 to 0.90; 0.22)0.56 (−0.001 to 1.11; 0.05)
 Total score0.12 (−2.03 to 2.28; 0.91)0.16 (−2.40 to 2.73; 0.89)2.13 (−0.55 to 4.84; 0.12)
Device-measured sedentary, light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)
 Sedentary (min/week)‡Not assessed7.66 (−12.87 to 28.20; 0.46)22.28 (−7.05 to 51.60; 0.14)
 Light intensity (min/week)‡Not assessed11.91 (−1.21 to 25.04; 0.08)7.45 (−4.36 to 19.26; 0.22)
 MVPA (min/week)‡Not assessed29.73 (10.97 to 48.48; 0.002)7.68 (−19.74 to 35.09; 0.56)
Meet recommendation of 150 min/week of MVPA§Not assessed1.21 (0.94 to 1.56; 0.14)1.03 (0.78 to 1.36; 0.83)
COMPAS-W (raw score 26–130)‡1.13 (−0.07 to 2.33; 0.07)1.68 (0.38 to 2.98; 0.01)1.25 (−0.02 to 2.52; 0.05)
EQ-5D-5L quality of life
 Health utility score
 (−0.68 to 1)
0.03 (0.01 to 0.05; 0.005)0.03 (0.005 to 0.05; 0.02)0.02 (−0.005 to 0.04; 0.12)
 VAS score (0–100)1.25 (−0.48 to 2.98; 0.16)1.39 (−0.78 to 3.56; 0.21)2.10 (0.34 to 3.85; 0.02)
WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (raw score 12–60)¶−0.26 (−0.78 to 0.27; 0.34)−0.61 (−1.23 to 0.01; 0.05)−0.67 (−1.29 to −0.05; 0.04)
Australian Dietary Guidelines
 Number of vegetable serves−0.39 (−0.58 to −0.19; 0.00)−0.23 (−0.47 to 0.002; 0.05)−0.23 (−0.44 to −0.03; 0.03)
 Number of fruit serves−0.12 (−0.28 to 0.03; 0.11)−0.15 (−0.31 to 0.02; 0.08)−0.01 (−0.16 to 0.13; 0.84)
BMINot assessed−0.05 (−0.36 to 0.25; 0.74)0.25 (−0.02 to 0.53; 0.07)
Falls Efficacy Scale (7−28)¶−0.29 (−0.67 to 0.08; 0.13)−0.26 (−0.58 to 0.06; 0.12)−0.36 (−0.74 to 0.03; 0.07)
PANAS Scale (10−50)
 Positive Affect score−0.12 (−1.22 to 0.99; 0.84)0.81 (−0.29 to 1.92; 0.15)0.83 (−0.32 to 1.99; 0.16)
 Negative Affect score0.17 (−0.48 to 0.83; 0.60)0.24 (−0.45 to 0.94; 0.49)−0.05 (−0.71 to 0.60; 0.87)
Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (10−100)‡0.15 (−1.24 to 1.55; 0.83)1.56 (−0.04 to 3.17; 0.06)1.28 (−0.06 to 2.61; 0.06)
Risk-taking behaviour (5−20)**0.12 (−0.14 to 0.39; 0.36)0.21 (−0.08 to 0.50; 0.15)−0.15 (−0.46 to 0.15; 0.33)
  • Bold row=co-primary outcome.

  • *n=515.

  • †n=488.

  • ‡Accelerometer-based measures.

  • §Risk ratio.

  • ¶Lower scores indicate better performance.

  • **Higher scores indicate lower levels of concerning about falls.

  • BMI, body mass index; COMPAS-W, Composite Scale of Wellbeing; CPM, counts per minute; IPEQ, Incidental and Planned Exercise Questionnaire; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Positive Affect subscale score); VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.